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Judaism or Christianity?

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Note to reader: It’s the hopes of this poster that viewers understand and apply the truths of Israel’s eschatology to their faith; and it is also acknowledged concerning the suspicion that most will find this doctrine unfamiliar, and so, initially difficult to understand or lacking interest. God bless us to know and receive all the truths of His Word!



It’s becoming more obvious all the time that Christendom in general has yet to understand God’s permanent union with His people Israel. No doubt there will be confusion when thinking that believers of God among the Israelites are “cast away” when Scripture states otherwise. Some may, and understandably so due to its reading, direct attention to Romans 11:15 and see a contradiction to verse 2, but as it is often used, this is merely a hyperbolic expression giving the sense that “what if they were cast away,” or “even if they were cast away.” The reply in verse 15 is that the “receiving of them” would be “but life from the dead”; but verse 26 is the strongest proponent of this doctrine, unless one is bereft of conceiving the errant teaching (which some have) that all Christians now represent Israel. The most important instruction here concerns the truth that in the time of God’s rejection concerning fellowship with Israel, there is a copious presence of Scripture attesting to His promise that He “will not forsake His people” (1Sa 12:22).

“Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenant that God established with the Children of Israel” (Wikipedia).
NC





Judaism or Christianity?

The Lord Jesus Christ is the center of the counsels of God, and hence of prophecy, which treats of the earth and His government of it for His own glory. Such is the importance of Israel, from whom, as according to the flesh, came Christ who is over all, God blessed forever! They are His people by a choice and calling which cannot fail in the end, though there may be and has been a fall and a long continued disowning of them in God’s righteous judgment of their apostasy (which I think is not an apostasy of Israel because they never have accepted the truths concerning Christ to depart from it—NC). But mercy will restore them ere long, humbly, joyfully, welcoming the Messiah they have long rejected.

This has been feebly seen, nay, generally denied, throughout Christendom for ages. Scarcely any error is more patent throughout the Fathers (so called—NC) than the substitution of the Church for Israel in all their system of thought. Every Father, whose writings have come down to us, is a witness of the same allegorizing interpretations, not only the Alexandrian school of Clement and Origen, but Justin Martyr, Iranaeus and Pseudo-Barnabas. The Latins followed in the same wake, not Augustine and Ruffinus and Jerome only, but Tertullian, Cyprian and Lactantius.

Not one held the restoration of Israel to their land, converted nationally (Isa 45:17; Rom 11:26—NC); the millenarian portion expected that the risen saints would reign with Christ in Jerusalem rebuilt, adorned and enlarged, not that the Jews should be restored and blessed in the land. The medieval writers naturally adopted the same view. So did the Reformers without exception, as far as I am aware. All fell into the error of putting the Church into the place of Israel, and so of leaving no room for His earthly people, besides His heavenly saints and glorified Bride.

They neglected the warning of the Apostle Paul, and assumed that the Jewish branches were broken off that the Gentiles might be grafted in, and forever (not into the earthly place but the “heavenly places - Eph 2:6”—NC). They did not take heed to the prophetic word, as Peter exhorts (2Pe 1:19), but applied systematically the predictions of Israel’s blessings in the last days to the Christian Church. Still less did they appreciate the day dawning or the day star rising in their heart. Catholics, Protestants, had no real light, no spiritual intelligence, as to the hopes of Israel (Act 28:20 – God’s eternal earthly representatives—NC) as distinct from those of Christians (heavenly representatives—NC).

Is it not as solemn as it is startling to see thus beyond just question the immediate, universal and lasting departure of the Christian profession from prophetic truth? The divine glory in Christ for all things in heaven and on earth being the blessed and revealed purpose of God (Eph 1:10); and when this is forgotten, false hopes spring up. Man, self, becomes the end, instead of the Lord Jesus; the true light is lost, and darkness ensues in the just retribution of God. The effort to make the Church all, instead of preserving the true dignity of the Church as the heavenly spouse of the Lord Jesus, lowers her to the position of earthly Israel, a people reigned over, not reigning with Him, His inheritance, not heirs of God and joint-heirs with Christ (it’s been said that Israel has a priesthood, but Christians are a priesthood - 1Pe 2:5, 9; Rev 1:6; 5:10).

The future acts of God as revealed in the prophetic Word are the expressions of the principles on which He will govern the world; and so His Word is the means by which alone we learn these principles fully. If we fail to ascertain them thus, we form our own thoughts of that which God gave us, prophecy whereby we know His mind. Our business is to gather of what and whom God speaks; and no greater delusion can befall us than to imagine that, because all Scripture is for our profit all must be about ourselves.

The purpose of God as to the Jews is in its place as truly the object of faith as His counsels concerning the Church (God knowing Israel’s future unbelief concerning Christ ordained them to be under heaven, and the believer’s place in Christ with Him in heaven—NC). Thus, the apprehension of His various ways for glorifying His Son is essential to real understanding of His Word. Here, as everywhere, a single eye is essential. With the Lord Jesus before us, the whole body will not fail to be full of light (Mat 6:22).

Is not this to take away Scripture from the Christian? Quite the contrary! To understand it according to God is the truest and richest gain; to misapply it to ourselves in Gentile conceit is ruinous (concerning our understanding—NC). Yet there is no instruction in the past or future history of Israel as revealed in the Bible which is not for, though not about, the Church (because the entirety of Scripture “is profitable” - 2Ti 3:1—NC). That such scriptures concerning the Jew may have been written so as to bear an analogous application to the Gentiles is not denied (e.g. God bringing both peoples to Himself—NC); but the application calls for the utmost caution and a “right dividing of the “Word of Truth” (2Ti 2:15), because each economy or dispensation has its own peculiarities, and in not a few things there are confessedly decided and intended contrasts.

It is an error therefore to read the Church in Judah and Israel, Zion and Jerusalem; and the effect of this alchemy which the Fathers originated (as I believe most were Gnostics, which number well more than those listed in the second paragraph of this article—NC) and handed down to both popery and Protestantism alike have been not only to rob Israel of their proper hope, but to lower that of the Church incalculably.

Yet no maxim of interpretation can compare with this most misleading identification for importance, antiquity, or widespread reception. Since the Apostles, perhaps beyond every other tradition, has this been accepted always, everywhere, and by all. Fathers, Romanists, Reformers, have alike applied it habitually in their comments, as well as practice.

But these are points of detail, all of which together are a trifle compared with the one grand principle which effaces Israel from prophecy and instills the Church in their stead. What can be thought of the judgment that could overlook an error so transcendent, vitiating all sound exposition of both Old Testament and New from Genesis to Revelation?

One can account for it by two considerations: first, a quite superficial estimate of the evil involved in this old and general error; secondly, a very exaggerated feeling against those who looked for a personal Antichrist among the Jews and a future revival of the Roman Empire before the age ends, lest it should weaken Protestantism in the face of the popish reawakening in our day.

There is no adequate sense of wrong which has been already done the truth for nearly eighteen centuries (this article written circa 1830’s) and the darkening influence which Judaizing the Church has wrought far and wide in Christendom, among the Orientals, Greeks, Latins, as well as Protestants more recently, throughout all its history save the first century.

The feverish doubt caused by a few fanciful essayists like Drs. Maitland, Todd, Burgh, Messrs, Tyso, Dodsworth and the like, were slight indeed compared with the original paralysis in the distinct perception of the Christian’s heavenly privileges in union with the Lord Jesus Christ on high, or in the just recognition of God’s fidelity to Israel. What an indignity religion puts on every person of the Godhead alike, on the grace and truth which came by Jesus Christ, when it drags souls back to the dread distance of Judaism (the Law was a great “veil” between God and Israel, due to its right to condemn via revealing Israel’s sins to them—NC).

— Wm Kelly (1821 – 1906)
 
“The days are coming, declares the Lord,
when I will make a new covenant
with the people of Israel
and with the people of Judah.


Hebrews 8:13
By calling this covenant "new," he has made the first one obsolete; and what is obsolete and outdated will soon disappear.

Matt 26:28
This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins

Judaism was cast adrift a long time ago. They do not know God and they rule by their own authority.

God writes the new covenant on the hearts of those He calls His children and they know Him.

children born not of natural descent, nor of human decision or a husband's will, but born of God.

Romans 2
A person is not a Jew who is one only outwardly, nor is circumcision merely outward and physical. No, a person is a Jew who is one inwardly; and circumcision is circumcision of the heart, by the Spirit, not by the written code. Such a person’s praise is not from other people, but from God.

"This is the covenant I will make with them after that time, says the Lord. I will put my laws in their hearts, and I will write them on their minds."

Now this is eternal life: that they know you, the only true God, and Jesus Christ, whom you have sent.


In Pauls day he asked and answered these questions. Perhaps those who adhere to Judaism and call themselves Jews and Gods chosen people could do the same.

Are they Hebrews? so am I. Are they Israelite's? so am I. Are they the seed of Abraham? so am I.

Jesus introduced the new covenant God spoke of beforehand to Israel first. It is binding to all. If anyone is in a covenant relationship with the Father than their hearts have been circumcised with the Spirit of Christ. Apart from that inward circumcision of the Spirit on the heart no one is in any covenant relationship with the God of Israel.
 
“The days are coming, declares the Lord,
when I will make a new covenant
with the people of Israel
and with the people of Judah.
I believe two of the prophecies concerning the final salvation of Israel (Isa 45:17) are often misapplied and have yet to occur are Jer 31:31-34 and Eze 36:26, 27. It’s my understanding that this work of God will be done unto the larger part of Israel (“all Israel shall be saved”), and probably during the Millennium reign of Christ and His Church.

The majority of the world through the entirety of this life cannot be said to “believe in God” like those of Israel (Jn 14:1), esp. concerning those before the Cross, who were unknowingly partaking (or pre-taking, e.g. Num 15:25) of Christ’s atonement. It’s also helpful to remember Abraham’s salvation when God imputed righteousness to him just by believing in Him—apart from any law.

Of course, I feel it’s good to note that the teachings of this doctrine concerning Israel’s eschatology are not essential.
 
Personally, I have absolutely no problem whatsoever with Judaism. The Bible is about them from beginning to end. They are God's people and it is He who will contend with His people, not I. I know my place as the "adopted" and the "grafted". I believe Replacement Theology to be from the pit of hell. It is a view held by the proud, the arrogant and those that falsely believe in entitlement. I believe Matt 11:11 to be erroneously interpreted by all of whom I have ever read or heard of their views on it.
 
Personally, I have absolutely no problem whatsoever with Judaism. The Bible is about them from beginning to end. They are God's people and it is He who will contend with His people, not I. I know my place as the "adopted" and the "grafted". I believe Replacement Theology to be from the pit of hell. It is a view held by the proud, the arrogant and those that falsely believe in entitlement. I believe Matt 11:11 to be erroneously interpreted by all of whom I have ever read or heard of their views on it.
The New Covenant was introduced to Israel first. Those that rejected "Gods" words were cut off. Those that believed in Jesus received the forgiveness of sins and eternal life.
God had always made a distinction between the righteous and unrighteous even among the Israelite's. No one has ever been saved by their heritage. Christ Jesus is the mediator of this new covenant between God and man. I wouldn't call Him a replacement of Gods promises as He came to fulfill God's promises. In Jesus, who is forever, those that love God receive the eternal kingdom that can never be destroyed that God promised to those that love and obey Him. Jesus is the seed of Abraham.

So in Christ Jesus you are all children of God through faith, for all of you who were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ. There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus. If you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham’s seed, and heirs according to the promise.
 
The New Covenant was introduced to Israel first. Those that rejected "Gods" words were cut off. Those that believed in Jesus received the forgiveness of sins and eternal life.
God had always made a distinction between the righteous and unrighteous even among the Israelite's. No one has ever been saved by their heritage. Christ Jesus is the mediator of this new covenant between God and man. I wouldn't call Him a replacement of Gods promises as He came to fulfill God's promises. In Jesus, who is forever, those that love God receive the eternal kingdom that can never be destroyed that God promised to those that love and obey Him. Jesus is the seed of Abraham.

So in Christ Jesus you are all children of God through faith, for all of you who were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ. There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus. If you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham’s seed, and heirs according to the promise.
Yes, Christ is the fulfillment not the replacement just as we benefit from that fulfillment....we are not the replacement. The Jews have not yet benefited from that fulfillment......but they will.
 
It would not seem correct to conceive that Jeremiah’s prophesy concerning Israel’s future “New Covenant’ could be the Christian’s present Covenant in Christ’s Blood (as some my think) because this Covenant that Jesus declared to the Jews (Luk 22:20; 1Co 11:25) is not between God and man (nowhere is this even alluded to), but between God and His Son (Heb 13:20). The Eze 31:31 prophesy is a future and eternal covenant between God and man--Israel.
 
It would not seem correct to conceive that Jeremiah’s prophesy concerning Israel’s future “New Covenant’ could be the Christian’s present Covenant in Christ’s Blood (as some my think) because this Covenant that Jesus declared to the Jews (Luk 22:20; 1Co 11:25) is not between God and man (nowhere is this even alluded to), but between God and His Son (Heb 13:20). The Eze 31:31 prophesy is a future and eternal covenant between God and man--Israel.
It is not as though God's word had failed. For not all who are descended from Israel are Israel.
 
And I tell you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not overcome it.

A new covenant.
God started in Israel and then sent His salvation to the ends of the world. If you are a member of the body of Christ you are fellow heirs with Christ. Outside of Jesus's church nobody is a heir of anything. And the gathering on the last day will be from the ends of the heavens to the ends of the earth. Such peoples will be clothed with immortality. Flesh and blood can not inherit the eternal kingdom that can never be destroyed that God promised to those who love and obey Him.

The gospel will be preached in Israel even to the end. Rev 11
Those that reject such signs given and take joy in the deaths of Gods two witnesses will be deceived by the lie of the beast that follows. So as to be condemned for they have not believed God nor have they repented of their evil ways.
 
And I tell you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not overcome it.

A new covenant.
God started in Israel and then sent His salvation to the ends of the world. If you are a member of the body of Christ you are fellow heirs with Christ. Outside of Jesus's church nobody is a heir of anything.
As mentioned in this thread, most of the believers in Christendom today are unaware that the present Covenant, which is in Christ's Blood, is not between God and man but God and His Son. If this is true (and I believe it is) it would clearly explain the final and eternal New Covenant (Jer 31:31) with Israel, which has yet to come.
 
As mentioned in this thread, most of the believers in Christendom today are unaware that the present Covenant, which is in Christ's Blood, is not between God and man but God and His Son. If this is true (and I believe it is) it would clearly explain the final and eternal New Covenant (Jer 31:31) with Israel, which has yet to come.
We are not unaware you are mistaken. The covenant is between God and those in Christ.

Jesus introduced this new covenant and is the mediator of this covenant between God and man. And those who have had their hearts circumcised with the Spirit of Christ know God and are in this new covenant


But in fact the ministry Jesus has received is as superior to theirs as the covenant of which he is mediator is superior to the old one, since the new covenant is established on better promises.

7 For if there had been nothing wrong with that first covenant, no place would have been sought for another. 8 But God found fault with the people and said:

“The days are coming, declares the Lord,
when I will make a new covenant
with the people of Israel
and with the people of Judah.
9 It will not be like the covenant
I made with their ancestors
when I took them by the hand
to lead them out of Egypt,
because they did not remain faithful to my covenant,
and I turned away from them,
declares the Lord.
10 This is the covenant I will establish with the people of Israel
after that time, declares the Lord.
I will put my laws in their minds
and write them on their hearts.
I will be their God,
and they will be my people.
11 No longer will they teach their neighbor,
or say to one another, ‘Know the Lord,’
because they will all know me,
from the least of them to the greatest.
12 For I will forgive their wickedness
and will remember their sins no more.”[c]

13 By calling this covenant “new,” he has made the first one obsolete; and what is obsolete and outdated will soon disappear.
 
It would not seem correct to conceive that Jeremiah’s prophesy concerning Israel’s future “New Covenant’ could be the Christian’s present Covenant in Christ’s Blood (as some my think) because this Covenant that Jesus declared to the Jews (Luk 22:20; 1Co 11:25) is not between God and man (nowhere is this even alluded to), but between God and His Son (Heb 13:20). The Eze 31:31 prophesy is a future and eternal covenant between God and man--Israel.
I realize that there was a time in history where replacement theology was rampant. That has pretty much universally been eradicated, though I have heard there are pockets where it is trying to make a comeback. I personally find it abhorrent. As a general rule you will find the church is closely bonded to Israel.
We understand that we are ADOPTED INTO ISRAEL as God's people, not that we as are INSTEAD of Israel.
We are not adopted into the land covenant with Israel, or the covenants of ceremony, or any of the bilateral covenants made with Israel. We are adopted into and through its fulfilment in Christ, of the covenant of faith made with Abraham. Salvation has always been through the same means. Faith.
There is not a seperate salvation for Jews and another for Christians as dispensationism, (in my limited understanding) teaches. In my opinion we come up with more accurate interpretations of the Word by using the frame work of covenant, rather than dispensation. However, as I said, that is only how I feel about it and I don't fault or judge another person's methods. Not my place.
 
I realize that there was a time in history where replacement theology was rampant. That has pretty much universally been eradicated, though I have heard there are pockets where it is trying to make a comeback. I personally find it abhorrent. As a general rule you will find the church is closely bonded to Israel.
We understand that we are ADOPTED INTO ISRAEL as God's people, not that we as are INSTEAD of Israel.
We are not adopted into the land covenant with Israel, or the covenants of ceremony, or any of the bilateral covenants made with Israel. We are adopted into and through its fulfilment in Christ, of the covenant of faith made with Abraham. Salvation has always been through the same means. Faith.
There is not a seperate salvation for Jews and another for Christians as dispensationism, (in my limited understanding) teaches. In my opinion we come up with more accurate interpretations of the Word by using the frame work of covenant, rather than dispensation. However, as I said, that is only how I feel about it and I don't fault or judge another person's methods. Not my place.
People call themselves many things. Its a good thing then that God states who are His children.
children born not of natural descent, nor of human decision or a husband’s will, but born of God.

That started in Israel first. God had found fault with the people and so foretold the days when He would make a new covenant because the people broke faith with Him.

John 11:50
You do not realize that it is better for you that one man die for the people than that the whole nation perish."

There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.

In Jesus we are held together and sustained.

I would think if the offspring of the first believers, (Hebrews, Israelite's, children of Abraham), remained in the faith they would be known in this day and age as Christians as Jesus is called Christ.
 
Sorry for posting the wrong Scripture location, it's suppose to be Jer 31:31 concerning Israel's new covenant, not Eze.
 
I think before any more comments or opinions can be made I feel there are a couple issues needing addressed. First and foremost is the teaching of “The Covenant of Redemption,” because its doctrine is the basis of my understanding Israel’s eschatology, and is the Covenant presumed to be the present. “The covenant of redemption is the eternal agreement within the Godhead in which the Father appointed the Son to become incarnate, suffer, and die as a federal head of mankind to make an atonement for their sin. In return, the Father promised to raise Christ from the dead, glorify him, and give him a people.” (Wikipedia®)

If this doctrine is true (which is my belief for a while) then the new covenant (as mentioned earlier) of Israel shown in Jer 31:31 cannot be the proposed Covenant here mentioned in Christ’s Blood which presently and eternally exists in Christianity. The other difficulty (IMO) is that if “all Israel” and “the Israel of God” refer to all who are reborn in Christ among the Jews and Gentiles, there would need to be an explanation of the dominant usage of Jewish language presented with these terms in Scripture.

Myself, I’ve been researching the doctrine of Israel’s end times in God’s plans for a few decades now, and I’m more conclusive than not in believing that the Everlasting Covenant (Heb 13:20) is between God and His Son and not God and man. There is still much information to take in for me to be completely decided on this issue and in the meantime I will only be trying to reply to directly-related comments to these concepts; which again, have no reflection on the essential doctrines of salvation.
 
Some useful information I found on this subject can be viewed searching “Redemption Planned” by Don Kistler, and I like the OT passage he includes that I believe is directly related: Zech 6:13.
 
I think before any more comments or opinions can be made I feel there are a couple issues needing addressed. First and foremost is the teaching of “The Covenant of Redemption,” because its doctrine is the basis of my understanding Israel’s eschatology, and is the Covenant presumed to be the present. “The covenant of redemption is the eternal agreement within the Godhead in which the Father appointed the Son to become incarnate, suffer, and die as a federal head of mankind to make an atonement for their sin. In return, the Father promised to raise Christ from the dead, glorify him, and give him a people.” (Wikipedia®)

If this doctrine is true (which is my belief for a while) then the new covenant (as mentioned earlier) of Israel shown in Jer 31:31 cannot be the proposed Covenant here mentioned in Christ’s Blood which presently and eternally exists in Christianity. The other difficulty (IMO) is that if “all Israel” and “the Israel of God” refer to all who are reborn in Christ among the Jews and Gentiles, there would need to be an explanation of the dominant usage of Jewish language presented with these terms in Scripture.

Myself, I’ve been researching the doctrine of Israel’s end times in God’s plans for a few decades now, and I’m more conclusive than not in believing that the Everlasting Covenant (Heb 13:20) is between God and His Son and not God and man. There is still much information to take in for me to be completely decided on this issue and in the meantime I will only be trying to reply to directly-related comments to these concepts; which again, have no reflection on the essential doctrines of salvation.
This covenant is with man with Jesus being the mediator of this covenant. Why would God need to make a covenant with Jesus as they are one?

The Holy Spirit also testifies to us about this. First he says:
16“This is the covenant I will make with them
after that time, says the Lord.
I will put my laws in their hearts,
and I will write them on their minds.”
17 Then he adds:
“Their sins and lawless acts
I will remember no more

This covenant is written on our hearts by the Spirit of Christ. In that Circumcision of the heart by the Spirit of God we know the Father and the Son as they have made their home with those in Christ.

No longer will they teach their neighbor, or say to one another, 'Know the LORD,' because they will all know me, from the least of them to the greatest," declares the LORD. "For I will forgive their wickedness and will remember their sins no more."

Now this is eternal life: that they know you, the only true God, and Jesus Christ, whom you have sent.
 
This covenant is with man with Jesus being the mediator of this covenant. Why would God need to make a covenant with Jesus as they are one?

The Holy Spirit also testifies to us about this. First he says:
16“This is the covenant I will make with them
after that time, says the Lord.
I will put my laws in their hearts,
and I will write them on their minds.”
17 Then he adds:
“Their sins and lawless acts
I will remember no more

This covenant is written on our hearts by the Spirit of Christ. In that Circumcision of the heart by the Spirit of God we know the Father and the Son as they have made their home with those in Christ.

No longer will they teach their neighbor, or say to one another, 'Know the LORD,' because they will all know me, from the least of them to the greatest," declares the LORD. "For I will forgive their wickedness and will remember their sins no more."

Now this is eternal life: that they know you, the only true God, and Jesus Christ, whom you have sent.
Hi, and thanks for your reply and valid comment! Though it’s generally a common acceptance that Christ’s Covenant (Testament) in His “Blood” (Luk 22:20) is between God and man, there is no scripture support for the concept. The Hebrew passages you listed are a reiteration of Jer 31:31-34, but many have collated this OT prophecy with Christianity, but the passages are absent of such and only references Israel.

Of course what one believes concerning these Covenant concepts has no essential effect on our salvation itself, only in the growth of our faith.


God bless!
 
“Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenant that God established with the Children of Israel” (Wikipedia).
NC

This is sad.

Judaism is certainly not an expression of the Covenant God established with the children of Israel.


Judaism is a man made religion, consisting of the traditions (teachings) of man, mixed with the law of Moses.


The Lord established a covenant with Abraham.

To that covenant, the Lord added the law of Moses, temporarily, until the Seed (the same Lord) should come. The covenant with Abraham became the New (Refreshed) Covenant, as the law was removed.


What purpose then does the law serve? It was added because of transgressions, till the Seed should come to whom the promise was made; and it was appointed through angels by the hand of a mediator. Galatians 3:19



Judaism is to the law of Moses, as Catholicism is to the New Covenant.

A false man made religion.


We as Christians are now grafted into the commonwealth of Israel.


Not national Israel, but the Israel of God.


Jesus is the true Israel of God.


Jesus Christ is Lord; YHWH




JLB
 
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