The Calvinist phrase "golden chain" falsely implies a chronological order.
First, Rom 8:29a does
not say He predestined those He foreknew to salvation.
Rom 8:29a does say He predestined those whom He knew before to be conformed to the image of His Son, meaning adopted as His children through the indwelling of the Holy Spirit:
- "led by the Spirit . . . are sons of God" (Rom 8:14)
- who "received a Spirit of adoption" (Rom 8:15)
- "heirs of God, and joint-heirs of Christ" (Rom 8:17)
- "for Him to be Firstborn among many brothers" (Rom 8:29b)
The word "Predestined" comes from two words 1.πρό meaning before, and 2.
ὁρίζω meaning to mark out a boundry or limit. This word refers back to the parallel text Rom 1:4 speaking of Christ "who was marked out (
ὁρίζω) the Son of God in power, according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection of the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord;" In the same way, we are marked out sons, adopted, made joint-heirs, made brothers to Christ in the power and Person of the Holy Spirit. In this way we are conformed to His image. This is what was predestined for those who believe into Christ.
And this, that Christ might be Firstborn, πρωτότοκος preeminent or first one brought forth, from the dead among many brothers who have died and are raised in Him.
Additionally, Rom 8:30 says "He also called . . . He also justified . . . He also glorified," none of which make a chronological association by the word "also." Christ is the Chosen/Elect One, the Righteous One who justifies, and to whom belongs the glory God. Once having believed into Christ we are chosen/elect ones because He is the Chosen/Elect One; we are justified because the Righteous One accounts His righteousness to us; and we are glorified having agreed with and confessed the LORD Jesus Christ, the Glory of God.
PREDESTINED regarding His Messiah
Isa 41:4 "Who has performed and accomplished it, Calling forth the generations from the beginning? 'I, the LORD, am the first, and with the last. I am He.'"
Isa 41:8 "But you, Israel, My servant, Jacob whom I have chosen, Descendant of Abraham My friend,
CALLED
Isa 42:1 "Behold, My Servant, whom I uphold;
My chosen one in whom My soul delights. I have put My Spirit upon Him; He will bring forth justice to the nations.
JUSTIFIED:
Isa 42:4 "He will not be disheartened or crushed
until He has established justice in the earth; And the coastlands will wait expectantly for His law."
Isa 42:6 "I am the LORD,
I have called You in righteousness, I will also hold You by the hand and watch over You, And I will appoint You as a covenant to the people, As a light to the nations,
GLORIFIED
Isa 42:8 "I am the LORD, that is My name;
I will not give My glory to another, Nor My praise to graven images.