The Jews will be the ones doing the persecution against Christians in Jerusalem during the great tribulation.
The Jews are the ones wanting the temple built for “their” messiah.
Are we talking about "Tribulation," generically, or specifically, the "Great Tribulation" Jesus mentioned in the Olivet Discourse? Christians, of course, do go through Tribulation in this present age. "In the world you will have Tribulation," Jesus said. John 16.33.
But with respect to Jesus citing the "Great Tribulation" or the "Great Distress" to come upon his generation, he was speaking to the Israeli nation and specifically to his Disciples. Jesus was warning them that they would suffer trouble inasmuch as the entire nation would be thrown into "Tribulation" via the Roman Army that is coming to punish Israel. Though Christians were not the targets of God's retribution He would allow them to suffer the loss of their homeland along with their ungodly countrymen.
Jeremiah went through turmoil with his countrymen, as well, when the Babylonian Army came to Jerusalem to desolate it. God does allow believers to suffer the negative effects that happen when God judges this wicked world.
But the "Great Tribulation" Jesus defined as a Jewish Punishment, even if the suffering was shared by Christian Jews who did not deserve it. Read was Jesus said about who suffers this Tribulation primarily, and what it consists of....
Luke 21.20 “When you see Jerusalem being surrounded by armies, you will know that its desolation is near. 21 Then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains, let those in the city get out, and let those in the country not enter the city. 22 For this is the time of punishment in fulfillment of all that has been written. 23 How dreadful it will be in those days for pregnant women and nursing mothers! There will be great distress in the land and wrath against this people. 24 They will fall by the sword and will be taken as prisoners to all the nations. Jerusalem will be trampled on by the Gentiles until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled........
32 “Truly I tell you, this generation will certainly not pass away until all these things have happened."
There it is. Jesus defined the "Great Tribulation" as a "time of punishment" for Israel and for Jerusalem, to take place in his generation. The 70 AD fall of Jerusalem was but the beginning of "Gentile times" corresponding to a long age of Jewish Tribulation and exile.
Obviously, this punishment from God upon Israel resulted from Israel's rejection of their Messiah, as well as from the wickedness they displayed in their nation and against Christians. And as they did this Jewish believers would be victimized by these atrocities in Israel and elsewhere.
As such, this Tribulation is, as I call it, the Jewish Diaspora of the NT age, which is the worst punishment Israel has ever experienced, or ever will experience. The fall of Jerusalem to the Romans was but the beginning of centuries of Jewish suffering, as they wandered into various countries and were rejected for various reasons.
This period of Jewish Diaspora also included Russian pogroms and the Nazi Holocaust, as well as the Intifadas of the Muslim Middle East in our time. The attack of Antichrist or at Armageddon will be the last bout of Tribulation that Israel experiences, I believe.