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The Second millenium
- Thread starter Vince
- Start date
1103
Massive flooding hits India's western coast.
Well, the Norwegians prove that it can be done. When King Magnus Barefoot is killed invading Ireland, his three sons become joint kings of Norway. They get along well and serve as regents in each others' absences.
"The Treatise on State Building Standards" becomes the standard for Chinese government buildings, influencing Chinese architecture for the next 800 years.
Massive flooding hits India's western coast.
Well, the Norwegians prove that it can be done. When King Magnus Barefoot is killed invading Ireland, his three sons become joint kings of Norway. They get along well and serve as regents in each others' absences.
"The Treatise on State Building Standards" becomes the standard for Chinese government buildings, influencing Chinese architecture for the next 800 years.
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1104
In southern Iceland, Hekla, one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world, destroys a nearby settlement. The volcano is actually a ridge and has produced more lava than most other of the world's volcanoes.
The Seljuk Turks launch a massive attack against the newly-formed Crusader states and win. Crusader expansion in the Holy Land is halted while the Moslems regain some of their lost territory.Nonetheless, the Kingdom of Jerusalem captures Acre, a small seaport on Israel's northwestern coast. And the Crusaders are helped by the fact that some of the Moslems are warring against each other.
Venice begins constructing what will become the largest industrial center in the world (until the Industrial Revolution). Heavily fortified, it includes a major shipyard.
In southern Iceland, Hekla, one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world, destroys a nearby settlement. The volcano is actually a ridge and has produced more lava than most other of the world's volcanoes.
The Seljuk Turks launch a massive attack against the newly-formed Crusader states and win. Crusader expansion in the Holy Land is halted while the Moslems regain some of their lost territory.Nonetheless, the Kingdom of Jerusalem captures Acre, a small seaport on Israel's northwestern coast. And the Crusaders are helped by the fact that some of the Moslems are warring against each other.
Venice begins constructing what will become the largest industrial center in the world (until the Industrial Revolution). Heavily fortified, it includes a major shipyard.
1105 is a bad year for African Moslems. They send a large navy, packed with troops, to the other end of the Mediterranean Sea to fight the Crusaders. A storm strikes, and all seventy ships are destroyed, with no survivors.
Jeju Island was an independent kingdom south of Korea. This year, Korea forcibly annexes it. The island will have an unhappy history of rebellion and suppression for the next eight centuries, and is part of South Korea today.
Philip begins his successful thirteen year reign as King of Sweden. The only thing known about him is that he was a good king.
Henry V, King of Germany and heir to the Holy Roman Empire, had sworn obedience to his father. But wanting Henry V to replace his father, Pope Paschal II released him from his oath. On the last day of the year, Henry rebels, quickly seizes control, and takes a more moderate stance on allowing the Catholic Church to appoint its own Popes.
Jeju Island was an independent kingdom south of Korea. This year, Korea forcibly annexes it. The island will have an unhappy history of rebellion and suppression for the next eight centuries, and is part of South Korea today.
Philip begins his successful thirteen year reign as King of Sweden. The only thing known about him is that he was a good king.
Henry V, King of Germany and heir to the Holy Roman Empire, had sworn obedience to his father. But wanting Henry V to replace his father, Pope Paschal II released him from his oath. On the last day of the year, Henry rebels, quickly seizes control, and takes a more moderate stance on allowing the Catholic Church to appoint its own Popes.
1106
After defeating his brother Robert and imprisoning him for life, England's King Henry I also becomes King of Normandy.
Beginning in early February, the Great Comet of 1106 remains visible for about six weeks. Wales, England, continental Europe, China, Japan, and Korea all record its appearance.
Spanish Catholics capture Balaguer in eastern Spain from the Moslems, and have held it ever since.
After defeating his brother Robert and imprisoning him for life, England's King Henry I also becomes King of Normandy.
Beginning in early February, the Great Comet of 1106 remains visible for about six weeks. Wales, England, continental Europe, China, Japan, and Korea all record its appearance.
Spanish Catholics capture Balaguer in eastern Spain from the Moslems, and have held it ever since.
1107
In northern Iraq, invading Turks seize the city of Mosul from the local Moslem Empire. But different Moslem empires will capture the city back and forth every few decades for the rest of the century.
Bohemund of Antioch is one of the more bizarre figures of history. A major leader of the First Crusade, he apparently was interested only in carving out an empire for himself. So he invades Byzantium and actually reaches Constantinople before reaching a peace settlement that gives him more territory.
A Norwegian navy sails around Europe to the Mediterranean, and then sails east to help the Crusaders, defeating two Moslem fleets on the way.
Toba begins his sixteen year reign as Emperor of Japan. In a bizarre system, his grandfather, a retired former Emperor, actually rules, eventually forcing Toba to abdicate. Later, Toba will be the actual ruler, controlling three Emperors in a row. Don't laugh: the Europeans are having all kinds of civil wars when a king dies, but the Japanese are not.
In northern Iraq, invading Turks seize the city of Mosul from the local Moslem Empire. But different Moslem empires will capture the city back and forth every few decades for the rest of the century.
Bohemund of Antioch is one of the more bizarre figures of history. A major leader of the First Crusade, he apparently was interested only in carving out an empire for himself. So he invades Byzantium and actually reaches Constantinople before reaching a peace settlement that gives him more territory.
A Norwegian navy sails around Europe to the Mediterranean, and then sails east to help the Crusaders, defeating two Moslem fleets on the way.
Toba begins his sixteen year reign as Emperor of Japan. In a bizarre system, his grandfather, a retired former Emperor, actually rules, eventually forcing Toba to abdicate. Later, Toba will be the actual ruler, controlling three Emperors in a row. Don't laugh: the Europeans are having all kinds of civil wars when a king dies, but the Japanese are not.
1108
The Treaty of Devol attempts to solve a difficult problem. The Catholic Crusaders had sworn to return all conquered lands to the Byzantine Empire (which was Orthodox). Bohemond of Antioch, the greatest of the Crusaders, had promptly claimed the land he seized as his own. The treaty granted him the land but made him a vassal state of Byzantium, putting Antioch under control of the Orthodox Church. The Orthodox and Catholics still regarded themselves as being the same religion, with the dispute over the Pope's authority being their only major problem.
African Moslems win a major victory over Spanish Catholics, re-seizing much of their territory but failing to recapture Toledo.
Louis the Fat begins his twenty nine year reign as King of France. Not a bad fellow, he had used military force to end rebellion and bring parts of France under royal control, a policy that he continued after taking the throne. When he died, he left France in better condition than he had found it.
Ever heard of Bergamo? This northern Italian city is just south of the Alps and about this time becomes independent. It is conquered and seized several times until 1859, when Italy gets it back.
The Treaty of Devol attempts to solve a difficult problem. The Catholic Crusaders had sworn to return all conquered lands to the Byzantine Empire (which was Orthodox). Bohemond of Antioch, the greatest of the Crusaders, had promptly claimed the land he seized as his own. The treaty granted him the land but made him a vassal state of Byzantium, putting Antioch under control of the Orthodox Church. The Orthodox and Catholics still regarded themselves as being the same religion, with the dispute over the Pope's authority being their only major problem.
African Moslems win a major victory over Spanish Catholics, re-seizing much of their territory but failing to recapture Toledo.
Louis the Fat begins his twenty nine year reign as King of France. Not a bad fellow, he had used military force to end rebellion and bring parts of France under royal control, a policy that he continued after taking the throne. When he died, he left France in better condition than he had found it.
Ever heard of Bergamo? This northern Italian city is just south of the Alps and about this time becomes independent. It is conquered and seized several times until 1859, when Italy gets it back.
1109 is a great year if you're Polish or a Crusader.
Bolesloth the Wrymouth, Poland's third king, has two wars on his hands. The Pomerainians were a group of Slavic and German tribes whom Poland and others had been trying to annex for some time. This year, Bolesloth seizes Naklo in western Poland from them.
But the Holy Roman Empire had invaded Poland, and after a series of small battles, Bolesloth drives them out.
Meanwhile, the Crusaders capture Tripoli, a major seaport on the eastern Mediterranean, along with Beirut. These are now the two biggest cities in Lebanon.
Bolesloth the Wrymouth, Poland's third king, has two wars on his hands. The Pomerainians were a group of Slavic and German tribes whom Poland and others had been trying to annex for some time. This year, Bolesloth seizes Naklo in western Poland from them.
But the Holy Roman Empire had invaded Poland, and after a series of small battles, Bolesloth drives them out.
Meanwhile, the Crusaders capture Tripoli, a major seaport on the eastern Mediterranean, along with Beirut. These are now the two biggest cities in Lebanon.
1110
Folks, I need to remind you that the First Crusade ended eleven years ago. "The Crusaders" refers to the various Crusader kingdoms that had been established in the Holy Land. Last year, they had captured Lebanon's two largest cities; this year, they add Sidon, the third largest city, to their territory.
German King Henry V resents being told that he can no longer appoint German bishops, so he invades Italy, heading toward Rome.
Edessa was the only land-locked Crusader kingdom, and the Moslems recapture its eastern half. The Byzantine Empire then resumes its war against the Turks. Eventually, Moslem victories over Edessa will result in the Second Crusade.
Folks, I need to remind you that the First Crusade ended eleven years ago. "The Crusaders" refers to the various Crusader kingdoms that had been established in the Holy Land. Last year, they had captured Lebanon's two largest cities; this year, they add Sidon, the third largest city, to their territory.
German King Henry V resents being told that he can no longer appoint German bishops, so he invades Italy, heading toward Rome.
Edessa was the only land-locked Crusader kingdom, and the Moslems recapture its eastern half. The Byzantine Empire then resumes its war against the Turks. Eventually, Moslem victories over Edessa will result in the Second Crusade.
1111 is a difficult year for the Moslems. Driven out of Edessa, a combined Moslem army advances on Antioch, but their leaders feud among themselves and some of them leave. A combined Crusader army advances into Moslem territory, gets cut off, and has to retreat. No territory changes hands, but the Moslems have lost much of their ability to threaten the Crusader states. They do better in Portugal, where African Moslems capture two small cities. The Berbers, who have lost much of their territory to both Spanish Catholics and African Moslems, sack Coimbra in central Portugal, but are unable to hold it.
Ever heard of Lodi? It is an area about 17 miles from Milan, Italy, that decided that it wanted to be independent. It was never a nation or even a city, but it kept defeating armies from Milan. This year, Milan levels the place and absorbs its territory.
Reaching Rome, the army of the HRE waits while Pope Paschal II crowns Henry V as Holy Roman Emperor. The Emperor and the Pope reach an unhappy agreement on the Emperor's authority over German bishops.
Ever heard of Lodi? It is an area about 17 miles from Milan, Italy, that decided that it wanted to be independent. It was never a nation or even a city, but it kept defeating armies from Milan. This year, Milan levels the place and absorbs its territory.
Reaching Rome, the army of the HRE waits while Pope Paschal II crowns Henry V as Holy Roman Emperor. The Emperor and the Pope reach an unhappy agreement on the Emperor's authority over German bishops.
watchman333
Member
Now Vince, don't get mad at me for interrupting because I do enjoy the post, but for a moment let's go back to 1,000 B.C. The children of Israel confronted Samuel because they wanted a KING to represent them. God told Samuel not to be angry about this, for they were not rejecting him, they were rejecting Me! That was 3,000 years out from Adam and we got the first king of Israel, king Saul. Let's fast-forward 3,000 years to 2,000 A.D. Do you think it might be time for a new KING of Israel? Just sayin.
1112
This is a little complicated. "Iberia" is the peninsula that contains modern Spain and Portugal. Except for the north, western Iberia is separated by a thick mountain range. Leon, a Spanish Catholic kingdom, had managed to send troops through the mountains and capture the northern part of this separated area. They added it to their kingdom, naming it the county of Portugal. This year, they appoint Alfonso as Duke of the county of Portugal. His job is to maintain an army that will pass through the mountains to aid Leon when needed. If the Moslems overwhelm him, he and his army are to take what they can and flee to Leon. Leon, on the other hand, has little intention of sending their own troops through the mountains to protect Alfonso. Stay tuned for further developments.
The HRE establishes Baden as a vassal state on the eastern shore of the Rhine River. It will survive for seven centuries.
Laon is a city in northeastern France that rises on a plateau over the local flatlands. A center of learning, it rebels, killing the bishop and his supporters, and will remain independent until 1331. During this time, its theology school will become one of the greatest in Europe.
Beylik was a Turkish Moslem sent to seize a fort from rival Moslems, He had succeeded, but then kept the fort and began conquering the surrounding lands, making himself ruler. This year he dies, and his short-lived kingdom is quietly annexed by its Moslem neighbors.
Note to my friend Watchman. I appreciate your input. But the years you cite are approximate, and we cannot know exactly how many years it has been since Adam.
This is a little complicated. "Iberia" is the peninsula that contains modern Spain and Portugal. Except for the north, western Iberia is separated by a thick mountain range. Leon, a Spanish Catholic kingdom, had managed to send troops through the mountains and capture the northern part of this separated area. They added it to their kingdom, naming it the county of Portugal. This year, they appoint Alfonso as Duke of the county of Portugal. His job is to maintain an army that will pass through the mountains to aid Leon when needed. If the Moslems overwhelm him, he and his army are to take what they can and flee to Leon. Leon, on the other hand, has little intention of sending their own troops through the mountains to protect Alfonso. Stay tuned for further developments.
The HRE establishes Baden as a vassal state on the eastern shore of the Rhine River. It will survive for seven centuries.
Laon is a city in northeastern France that rises on a plateau over the local flatlands. A center of learning, it rebels, killing the bishop and his supporters, and will remain independent until 1331. During this time, its theology school will become one of the greatest in Europe.
Beylik was a Turkish Moslem sent to seize a fort from rival Moslems, He had succeeded, but then kept the fort and began conquering the surrounding lands, making himself ruler. This year he dies, and his short-lived kingdom is quietly annexed by its Moslem neighbors.
Note to my friend Watchman. I appreciate your input. But the years you cite are approximate, and we cannot know exactly how many years it has been since Adam.
1113
The Pope recognizes the Hospitallers as a monastic order. Starting from a hospital in Jerusalem, they became a military/religious order that defended the Holy Land and actually ruled various areas of the Mediterranean.
Sithu I begins his 55 year reign as King of Burma. One of history's greatest monarchs, he carried out an extensive building program that included dams and irrigation canals, nurtured Buddhism, and established a standardized system of weights and measures. He began his reign by putting down some rebellions, and then he concentrated on building a flourishing economy that took advantage of land and maritime trade routes. As an old man, he was murdered by his son, who wanted to become King.
Florence, which had become an independent city-state, conquers a nearby city and continues to expand its borders.
The Pope recognizes the Hospitallers as a monastic order. Starting from a hospital in Jerusalem, they became a military/religious order that defended the Holy Land and actually ruled various areas of the Mediterranean.
Sithu I begins his 55 year reign as King of Burma. One of history's greatest monarchs, he carried out an extensive building program that included dams and irrigation canals, nurtured Buddhism, and established a standardized system of weights and measures. He began his reign by putting down some rebellions, and then he concentrated on building a flourishing economy that took advantage of land and maritime trade routes. As an old man, he was murdered by his son, who wanted to become King.
Florence, which had become an independent city-state, conquers a nearby city and continues to expand its borders.
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1114 is a great year for Ramon the Great. A Spanish Catholic king who inherited a lot of territory, he gained more territories by marriages and inheritances. This year he forms an alliance with Pisa, the Italian city-state, and together they capture two Moslem islands off the Spanish coast. This lessens Moslem piracy in the Mediterranean. African Moslems (who have seized southern Spain) respond with an attack, and he defeats them.
Meanwhile, Alfonso the Battler, another Spanish Catholic king, has forged an alliance with the Normans. Over the next two decades, they will help him push southward into Moslem Spain.
We haven't heard from the Cumans in a while. These Turkish nomads hold a large territory in Asia, and this year they attack the Byzantine Empire.
Meanwhile, Alfonso the Battler, another Spanish Catholic king, has forged an alliance with the Normans. Over the next two decades, they will help him push southward into Moslem Spain.
We haven't heard from the Cumans in a while. These Turkish nomads hold a large territory in Asia, and this year they attack the Byzantine Empire.
1115
Iceland establishes a supreme court. Four court systems had each controlled ¼ of the island, and the new court (called “The Fifth Court”) had jurisdiction over the entire nation and could hear appeals from the other four.
Saxony rebels against the HRE because they don't like the Emperor's appointments. They win and appoint their own king. Surprisingly, the HRE ignores them, and within a few decades their kingdom quietly disappears.
The Moslems were getting tired of the Sultan of Baghdad's mistreatment of their minor kingdoms, so some of them join a Crusader alliance to attack him. The Crusaders and their allies win, surprising the sultan's army in Syria. For now, the Latin Kingdom of Antioch is safe.
Living in the center of Mexico's Pacific coast, the Mixticans found a great leader in Jaguar Claw, who conquered 94 neighboring cities, turning them into a major kingdom. But Jaguar Claw ruthlessly tortured and murdered relatives with claims to the throne. This year, his nephew leads a coalition of city states that captures Jaguar Claw and offers him as a sacrifice.
Iceland establishes a supreme court. Four court systems had each controlled ¼ of the island, and the new court (called “The Fifth Court”) had jurisdiction over the entire nation and could hear appeals from the other four.
Saxony rebels against the HRE because they don't like the Emperor's appointments. They win and appoint their own king. Surprisingly, the HRE ignores them, and within a few decades their kingdom quietly disappears.
The Moslems were getting tired of the Sultan of Baghdad's mistreatment of their minor kingdoms, so some of them join a Crusader alliance to attack him. The Crusaders and their allies win, surprising the sultan's army in Syria. For now, the Latin Kingdom of Antioch is safe.
Living in the center of Mexico's Pacific coast, the Mixticans found a great leader in Jaguar Claw, who conquered 94 neighboring cities, turning them into a major kingdom. But Jaguar Claw ruthlessly tortured and murdered relatives with claims to the throne. This year, his nephew leads a coalition of city states that captures Jaguar Claw and offers him as a sacrifice.
1116
A major Byzantine victory over the Turks forces them to abandon their Mediterranean coastline.
Mesut I begins his forty year reign over the Turks after blinding and later murdering his brother. He starts out being forced to submit to a rival Turkish kingdom, but by the time he's done, he's pounding the Crusaders. He even conquers and absorbs the rival Turkish kingdom.
The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem invades Transjordan, an area east of the Jordan River where Moab and Edom used to be. The area is part of Egypt (at that time) but they flee without a fight. The Crusaders make peace treaties with the Moslem nomads, force the local Christians to move to Jerusalem, and ignore a small number of Christian nomads.
Djerba is a large island off the north African coast. It had become independent and was a pirate nation. This year, Ifriqiya, the Moslem kingdom in north central Africa, conquers it. With good soil and a pleasant climate, Djerba will be conquered back and forth for centuries before finally becoming part of Tunisia.
During this time, nomads from northern Mexico are migrating south. It will be a while, but they will eventually become the Aztec Empire.
This next one is rather strange. Theresa was a countess in the county of Portugal, and she seizes two small Moslem cities. Her sister then invades Portugal, because they both want to be Queen of Leon, of which Portugal was a county.
As Spanish and Italian Catholics are beginning to seize small Moslem islands in the Mediterranean, African Moslems (who control southern Spain) get worried. So they begin attacking and seizing Moslem islands as well.
A major Byzantine victory over the Turks forces them to abandon their Mediterranean coastline.
Mesut I begins his forty year reign over the Turks after blinding and later murdering his brother. He starts out being forced to submit to a rival Turkish kingdom, but by the time he's done, he's pounding the Crusaders. He even conquers and absorbs the rival Turkish kingdom.
The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem invades Transjordan, an area east of the Jordan River where Moab and Edom used to be. The area is part of Egypt (at that time) but they flee without a fight. The Crusaders make peace treaties with the Moslem nomads, force the local Christians to move to Jerusalem, and ignore a small number of Christian nomads.
Djerba is a large island off the north African coast. It had become independent and was a pirate nation. This year, Ifriqiya, the Moslem kingdom in north central Africa, conquers it. With good soil and a pleasant climate, Djerba will be conquered back and forth for centuries before finally becoming part of Tunisia.
During this time, nomads from northern Mexico are migrating south. It will be a while, but they will eventually become the Aztec Empire.
This next one is rather strange. Theresa was a countess in the county of Portugal, and she seizes two small Moslem cities. Her sister then invades Portugal, because they both want to be Queen of Leon, of which Portugal was a county.
As Spanish and Italian Catholics are beginning to seize small Moslem islands in the Mediterranean, African Moslems (who control southern Spain) get worried. So they begin attacking and seizing Moslem islands as well.
117
Teaching had been going on at Oxford, England, for at least two decades, but around this time it is formerly incorporated as a university. It is the second-oldest university in the world.
When Moslem Spain had broken up into a variety of small kingdoms, some of them were island kingdoms, or at least controlled some islands in the Mediterranean. With Catholic Spain and Italy seizing some of these islands, the African Moslem kingdom had also begun seizing and annexing islands from small Moslem kingdoms This year, civil war breaks out in Ifriqiya, the Moslem Empire in the center of Africa's northern coast. The city of Mahdia, backed by the government, goes to war against the nearby city of Gabes, which is backed by the Norman Kingdom of Sicily. Both cities are major seaports and naval bases that are needed for the Moslems to hold the western Mediterranean.
Fresh from their victory in Transjordan, Jerusalem Crusaders invade Egypt itself. They capture Pelusium, a major seaport on the extreme eastern edge of Egypt and raze it to the ground. Never heard of it? That's because the Crusaders allowed the harbor to continue to deteriorate, and today the city has virtually disappeared.
In Japan, rival warrior monks unite in an unsuccessful attack on the former capital.
The Catholic Kingdom of Leon had managed to recapture Coimbra from the Moslems. Located in the middle of modern Portugal, it is recaptured by Moslems this year. And the Moslems are planning to continue north to re-seize the rest of their lost territory.
The Chinese had invented the compass centuries ago, but this year they start using them on merchant ships.
Iceland abolishes slavery.
Teaching had been going on at Oxford, England, for at least two decades, but around this time it is formerly incorporated as a university. It is the second-oldest university in the world.
When Moslem Spain had broken up into a variety of small kingdoms, some of them were island kingdoms, or at least controlled some islands in the Mediterranean. With Catholic Spain and Italy seizing some of these islands, the African Moslem kingdom had also begun seizing and annexing islands from small Moslem kingdoms This year, civil war breaks out in Ifriqiya, the Moslem Empire in the center of Africa's northern coast. The city of Mahdia, backed by the government, goes to war against the nearby city of Gabes, which is backed by the Norman Kingdom of Sicily. Both cities are major seaports and naval bases that are needed for the Moslems to hold the western Mediterranean.
Fresh from their victory in Transjordan, Jerusalem Crusaders invade Egypt itself. They capture Pelusium, a major seaport on the extreme eastern edge of Egypt and raze it to the ground. Never heard of it? That's because the Crusaders allowed the harbor to continue to deteriorate, and today the city has virtually disappeared.
In Japan, rival warrior monks unite in an unsuccessful attack on the former capital.
The Catholic Kingdom of Leon had managed to recapture Coimbra from the Moslems. Located in the middle of modern Portugal, it is recaptured by Moslems this year. And the Moslems are planning to continue north to re-seize the rest of their lost territory.
The Chinese had invented the compass centuries ago, but this year they start using them on merchant ships.
Iceland abolishes slavery.
118 is a rough year for Spanish Moslems. Three different Catholic kingdoms each win major victories over them.
In January, Gelasius II begins his one-year reign as Pope. For 29 years, he had been Chancellor of Rome, where he appointed a permanent staff of Papal clerks and instituted various other reforms. He began the custom that the Chancellor had to be a cardinal and held the post for life or until he was made Pope. Upon his unanimous election, he was arrested by the Holy Roman Empire, released, and then driven into exile, as the Emperor demanded the right to appoint the Pope. Pope Gelasius dies one year after being elected.
In March, Gregory VIII is appointed Pope by Emperor Henry V. Gregory rules for three years before the HRE turns against him, and he spends his last 16 years imprisoned in various monasteries.
It's a big year in Ireland. Three small kingdoms get new kings. And Gruffud ap Cynan, after annexing two Welsh kingdoms to his own, becomes King of Wales.
John the Good begins his twenty-five year reign as Byzantine Emperor. One of their greatest rulers, he expanded back into conquered Moslem territories in the East, and re-seized some former Byzantine territories in Europe. A pious man, he taught that the Emperor was the head of all Christianity in the East, and he personally led combined Byzantine-Catholic armies. In later years, he was betrayed by the Crusaders.
In January, Gelasius II begins his one-year reign as Pope. For 29 years, he had been Chancellor of Rome, where he appointed a permanent staff of Papal clerks and instituted various other reforms. He began the custom that the Chancellor had to be a cardinal and held the post for life or until he was made Pope. Upon his unanimous election, he was arrested by the Holy Roman Empire, released, and then driven into exile, as the Emperor demanded the right to appoint the Pope. Pope Gelasius dies one year after being elected.
In March, Gregory VIII is appointed Pope by Emperor Henry V. Gregory rules for three years before the HRE turns against him, and he spends his last 16 years imprisoned in various monasteries.
It's a big year in Ireland. Three small kingdoms get new kings. And Gruffud ap Cynan, after annexing two Welsh kingdoms to his own, becomes King of Wales.
John the Good begins his twenty-five year reign as Byzantine Emperor. One of their greatest rulers, he expanded back into conquered Moslem territories in the East, and re-seized some former Byzantine territories in Europe. A pious man, he taught that the Emperor was the head of all Christianity in the East, and he personally led combined Byzantine-Catholic armies. In later years, he was betrayed by the Crusaders.
1119 is a rough year for soldiers in the Holy Land. A 3700 man army from the Kingdom of Antioch invades Moslem territory, but is lured into an ambush at the Battle of the Field of Blood, where they are annihilated. The Moslems rally their remaining forces and attack Antioch directly, where they are defeated. The Moslems gain some territory, and Antioch is weakened so badly that a decade later it is forced to join the Byzantine Empire in order to survive.
In January, Pope Gelesius II dies in exile, and Calistus II is elected Pope. The next month, Pope Gregory VII dies. A high-ranking aristocrat, Pope Calsistus successfully negotiated a treaty with the Emperor, gaining a truce between the HRE and the Catholic Church. A later compromise gave the Catholic Church sole authority to elect the Pope, but the HRE could appoint or at least approve bishops appointed in Germany.
Turloch More O'Connor begins his 37 year reign as High King of Ireland. He had successfully survived years of civil strife in his own kingdom and reigns successfully over his divided nation.
Louis the Fat, King of France, is soundly defeated when he tries to take Normandy from England. England, however, suffers a major earthquake.
In January, Pope Gelesius II dies in exile, and Calistus II is elected Pope. The next month, Pope Gregory VII dies. A high-ranking aristocrat, Pope Calsistus successfully negotiated a treaty with the Emperor, gaining a truce between the HRE and the Catholic Church. A later compromise gave the Catholic Church sole authority to elect the Pope, but the HRE could appoint or at least approve bishops appointed in Germany.
Turloch More O'Connor begins his 37 year reign as High King of Ireland. He had successfully survived years of civil strife in his own kingdom and reigns successfully over his divided nation.
Louis the Fat, King of France, is soundly defeated when he tries to take Normandy from England. England, however, suffers a major earthquake.
1120
In India, the Western Chalukya Empire reaches its greatest power. Controlling about ¼ of modern India, it is engaged in frequent warfare with rival kingdoms.
The Jin Dynasty conquers and absorbs the entire Liao Dynasty, both of whom claimed to be the “real” China. Both nations had been formed from the break-up of China centuries ago. You might remember that during China's lengthy civil wars, the population had been cut in half. Quanzou is a major seaport on China's Pacific coast. This year, the city has a population of half a million, showing that while the Chinese are still divided into two nations, they are recovering.
In Spain, Alfonso the Battler leads a Catholic army in a victory over African Moslems, capturing two fortified towns. In a surprise move, the Moslems send a fleet to northwestern Spain, but it is defeated.
In India, the Western Chalukya Empire reaches its greatest power. Controlling about ¼ of modern India, it is engaged in frequent warfare with rival kingdoms.
The Jin Dynasty conquers and absorbs the entire Liao Dynasty, both of whom claimed to be the “real” China. Both nations had been formed from the break-up of China centuries ago. You might remember that during China's lengthy civil wars, the population had been cut in half. Quanzou is a major seaport on China's Pacific coast. This year, the city has a population of half a million, showing that while the Chinese are still divided into two nations, they are recovering.
In Spain, Alfonso the Battler leads a Catholic army in a victory over African Moslems, capturing two fortified towns. In a surprise move, the Moslems send a fleet to northwestern Spain, but it is defeated.