Preliminary Remarks
The great assumption made in this exposition of 1 Cor 11: 25 -34 is the perfectly reasonable one that the passage is all of a piece. The context must decide the meaning of any particular part of the section, and in particular these odd verses:
28 But let a man examine himself, and so let him eat of that bread, and drink of that cup.
29 For he that eateth and drinketh unworthily, eateth and drinketh damnation to himself, not discerning the Lord’s body.
I say ‘odd’, because the question of ‘examining himself’ has been tortured out of all recognition, and been pressed into the service of imparting damnation if the ‘examination’ isn’t properly done.
It is sheer theologians’ nonsense (and they have a lot to answer for), to suppose that a man has to indulge in a colossal piece of navel-gazing at the Lord’s supper. This is not a time for introspection, or psychological excesses. How do we know?
He said Himself, ‘Do this in remembrance of ME’, not in self-inflicted mental torture or psychological masochism, remembering YOURSELF, and not HIM as instructed.
However, the above-quoted words are very severe, apparently, and deserve a careful piece of study.
What is the Context?
11. 17 ¶ Now in this that I declare unto you I praise you not, that ye come together not for the better, but for the worse.
18 For first of all, when ye come together in the church, I hear that there be divisions among you; and I partly believe it.
So what was the cause of these particular divisions? He tells us.
There are ‘heresies’ here! What? Doctrinal heresies? No, certainly not. So what then?
19 For there must be also heresies among you, that they which are approved may be made manifest among you.
20 When ye come together therefore into one place, this is not to eat the Lord’s supper.
21 For in eating every one taketh before other his own supper: and one is hungry, and another is drunken.
Some were stuffing themselves with food – because they were rich and could afford to bring a lot of food and alcohol
And some were going hungry while the others were gorging themselves!
Small wonder there were ‘divisions’! Resentment among the poorer ones must have been rampant and vocal.
22 What? have ye not houses to eat and to drink in? or despise ye the church of God, and shame them that have not? What shall I say to you? shall I praise you in this? I praise you not.
Note the class distinction that existed:
1 Some had houses to eat in
2 Others had none, and were probably the slaves of the houseowners.
The slaves, if there were such, brought the food, laid it on for their masters, and then had to stand around with the other poor, while the houseowners gorged themselves and became drunk on the wine the slaves had brought.
It was a shameful situation. He goes on. Jesus wasn’t like that.
23 … That the Lord Jesus the same night in which he was betrayed took bread:
24 And when he had given thanks, he brake it, and said, Take, eat: this is my body, which is broken for you: this do in remembrance of me.
Note well, he means, Jesus took HIS bread, HIS body, and passed it round to ALL the disciples present at the Lord’s Table. They ALL shared His largesse, unselfishly distributed.
25 After the same manner also he took the cup, when he had supped, saying, This cup is the new testament in my blood: this do ye, as oft as ye drink it, in remembrance of me.
He shared out His wine, too, to ALL OF THEM, rich (like Matthew, James, John), and poor (like the others), telling ALL of them to drink of the cup.
That’s your example, Paul says.
26 For as often as ye eat this bread, and drink this cup, ye do shew the Lord’s death till he come.
If you rich hogs are scoffing it all, then the poor unfortunates who don’t get a look in, CANNOT, and DO NOT, ‘shew the Lord’s death – and it’s because of you rich men and women.
27 Wherefore whosoever shall eat this bread, and drink this cup of the Lord, unworthily, shall be guilty of the body and blood of the Lord. [Please see footnote here].
The Greek word, anaxiws is used in the LXX in one very apposite place:
De 21:20 And they shall say unto the elders of his city, This our son is stubborn and rebellious, he will not obey our voice; he is a glutton, and a drunkard.
That son was worthy of death:
21 And all the men of his city shall stone him with stones, that he die: so shalt thou put evil away from among you; and all Israel shall hear, and fear.
I very much doubt if that law was ever invoked, but the relevance to 1 Cor 11 is extraordinary.
Here were gluttons and drunkards at the Lord’s table, feasting gorgeously, like the rich man in the parable of the rich man and Lazarus, while their poorer brethren starved, and maybe went out to steal in order to stay alive.
They, the rich, were worthy of death: and were eating and drinking damnation to themselves. Hence the very apposite and pointed remarks:
29 For he that eateth and drinketh [to excess at the Lord’s supper], eateth and drinketh judgement unto himself, if he discern not the body.
‘Discern not’ here refers to 'failing to see' thathe is destroying the Lord’s body: the church, and that, says Jesus, is worthy of death:
'Mr 9:42 “Whoever causes one of these little ones who believe in me to sin, it would be better for him if a great millstone were hung around his neck and he were thrown into the sea."ESV
From the above, it is now obvious that when he said ‘let a man examine himself’, he means ‘in respect of this matter’, not a major psychological overhaul and masochistic self-flagellation.
Footnote
The words 'guilty of the body and blood of the Lord' are tragically reminiscent of the following passage
from Heb 10:
29 of how much sorer punishment, think ye, shall he be judged worthy, who hath trodden under foot the Son of God, [clearly his BODY] and hath counted the blood [clearly HIS blood] of the covenant, wherewith he was sanctified, an unholy thing, and hath done despite unto the Spirit of grace?
What does that mean?
Again, the context of Hebrews as a a whole, and ch 10 in particular, clarifies the whole thing.
They were NOT to return to the Law of Moses. Doing so, (forsaking the assembling of themselves together - note the strength of the word 'forsaking') meant trampling the body of Christ (His sacrifice) underfoot, and despising the blood of the covenant, counting it an unholy thing.
In sum, it refers to the abandonment of Christ, forsaking the Lord's Supper, for other things.
So here, in 1 Cor 11, use of the words 'guilty of the body and blood of the Lord' refers to the evil practice which is being condemned here, resulting in
a. the poor being unable to break the bread and drink the wine - because they didn't have any
b. the rich being guilty of causing many of them to leave Christ as a direct result of the shame and embarrassment they must have felt.
It's not a nice picture at all.