The Theory of Evolution
In accepting the theory of evolution, we are asked to accept as
fact many other theories. Evolution is not one theory, but a complex
series of theories. It is based upon many preconceived `facts`. Any time
someone begins piling theory upon theory, the stack of theories becomes
like a chain. The failure of any one theory can easily nullify the
others.
In `believing` in evolution, we are asked to believe that all of
the different forms of life on earth began from a `primeval soup`. No
one knows where this `soup` was, or what happened to it. No one can say
what happened to suddenly bring forth life from the `soup`.
What evidence is there to prove or disprove the theory of
evolution? Is evolution a workable explanation for the origin of life
on the planet Earth? The purpose of this paper is to present the
evidence showing the many misleading `facts` often presented as `proof`
that evolution is an undeniable `fact`.
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This paper is divided into two parts. The first part is a
collection of statements from a file that I downloaded from a BBS.
The second part is a paraphrased dialogue from a study of
evolution made by a personal friend of mine. He is represented only by
his initials. I have permission to quote from his dialogue. It is
paraphrased because his lecture covered a time period of three hours.
Therefore I have removed portions of it in the cause of brevity. To
reproduce it all would probably create a file that is too large.
My friend desires no publicity or material gain for his efforts.
Neither do I. I offer this file as public domain. My incentive is that I
feel the public has been grossly misinformed as to the validity of the
theory of evolution.
Some topics were present in both papers, thus I have paraphrased
to avoid redundancy. As for credentials, I have none for the author of
part one, although he or she is obviously an educated person. As for my
friend`s credentials, he is a graduate from a major Texas college with a
degree in dentistry. I have known him for more than ten years, and he is
not trying to personally convert anyone to any specific point of view.
He feels that the evidence speaks for itself.
Words that have been capitalized are those that, I feel, demand
emphasis. I am responsible for any added emphasis.
"NOT ONE CHANGE OF SPECIES INTO ANOTHER IS ON RECORD. We cannot
prove that a single species has ever changed."
- Charles Darwin
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PART ONE
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The Origin of Life
What is life? Is it just having the right combinations of proteins
in just the right order? Is a man nothing more than a collection of
substances and chemicals that happened to somehow `become alive`?
Evolutionists claim that the process of life was started by some
unknown process, millions (or billions) of years ago. This is the
foundation of the evolutionary theory. Is there proof that this is really
what happened?
One of the greatest weaknesses of evolutionary theory is that there
are too many forms of life to have happened by chance, and the building
blocks of life are too complex to have just somehow `happened`.
Could a cell by chance come into being that "has the DNA
instructions to fill one thousand 600-page books?" (National Geographic).
Examples:
1. Research has shown that the requirements for life are so complex that
chance and even billions of years could not have produced them.
2. Spontaneous generation (the emergence of life from inorganic
materials) has never been observed.
3. Mendel's laws of genetics explain virtually all of the physical
variations that are observed within life categories such as the dog
family. A logical consequence of these laws and their modern day
refinements is that there are limits to such variation.
4. The many similarities between different species do not necessarily
imply a genealogical relationship; they may imply a common Designer.
5. The human body (or the body of any other creature) cannot live
without most internal organs, such as the heart, the lungs, the liver,
et cetera. Remove any of these organs, and the specimen dies. This
implies that the entire body was created at one point in time.
6. Natural selection cannot produce new genes; it only selects among
preexisting characteristics.
7. Mutations are the only proposed mechanism by which new genetic
material becomes available for evolution.
8. Almost all observable mutations are harmful; many are fatal.
9. No known mutation has ever produced a form of life having both
greater complexity and greater viability than its ancestors.
10. Over seventy years of fruit-fly experiments, equivalent to 2700
human generations, give no basis for believing that any natural or
artificial process can cause an increase in either complexity or
viability. No clear genetic improvement has been observed despite the
many unnatural efforts to increase mutation rates. In addition, no `new`
life form has been produced by mutation. No fruit fly `evolved` into a
mosquito or a bee.
11. There is no evidence that mutations could ever produce any new
organs such as the eye, the ear, or the brain.
12. If the earth, early in its alleged `evolution`, had oxygen in its
atmosphere, the chemicals needed for life would have been removed by
oxidation. But if there had been no oxygen, then there would have been
no ozone, and without ozone all life would be quickly destroyed by the
sun's ultraviolet radiation.
13. Two aspects ignored by studies of the origin of life are:
a) The beauty of the different forms of life.
b) The symmetry of virtually all forms of life.
Evolutionary scientists ignore these aspects, primarily because these
two things suggest a Creator. Virtually all recorded mutations produce
malformed, `non-evolutionary` changes in the subject under study.
14. There have been many imaginative but unsuccessful attempts to
explain how just one single protein could form from any of the assumed
conditions of the early earth. The necessary chemical reactions all tend
to move in the direction opposite from that required. Furthermore, each
possible energy source, whether the earth's heat, electrical discharges,
or the sun's radiation, would destroy the protein products millions of
times faster than they could be formed.
15. If, despite the virtually impossible odds, proteins arose by chance
processes, there is absolutely no reason to believe that they could ever
form a self-reproducing, membrane-encased, living cell. There is no
evidence that there are any stable states between the assumed
naturalistic formation of proteins and the formation of the first living
cells. No scientist has ever advanced a testable procedure whereby this
fantastic jump in complexity could have occurred -- even if the universe
were completely filled with proteins, as you will see.
16. The cells of living creatures are enormously complex. Every part
must be present in order for the cell to survive. All the parts have
different `jobs`. It is not illogical to state that if you remove any
one part, the cell cannot survive. This obviously implies that the parts
(ie, the cell membrane, the nucleus, the ribosomes, etc.) had to have
come into being at the same time.
17. Computer-generated comparisons have been made of the sequences of
amino acids that comprise a protein which is common to 47 forms of
animal and plant life. The results of these studies seriously place
the theory of evolution into jeopardy.
18. The genetic information contained in each cell of the human body is
roughly equivalent to a library of 4000 volumes. For chance mutations
and natural selection to produce this amount of information, assuming
that matter and life `somehow` got started, is analogous to continuing
the following procedure until 4000 volumes have been produced:
(a) Start with a meaningful phrase.
(b) Retype the phrase but make some errors and insert
some additional letters.
(c) Examine the new phrase to see if it is meaningful.
(d) If it is, replace the original phrase with it.
(e) If it is not, return to step (b).
To accumulate 4000 volumes that are meaningful, this procedure would
have to produce the equivalent of far more than 10^3000
(10 to the 3000th power) animal offspring. To begin to understand how
large 10^3000 is, realize that the entire universe has `only` about
10^80 atoms in it.
19. Based on present day observations, DNA can only be replicated or
reproduced with the help of certain enzymes. But these enzymes can only
be produced at the direction of DNA. Since each requires the other, a
satisfactory explanation for the origin of one must simultaneously
explain the origin of the other.
20. Amino acids, when found in nonliving matter, come in two
forms that are chemically equivalent; about half can be described as
"right-handed" and half "left-handed" (a structural description -- one
is the mirror image of the other). However, the protein molecules found
in all forms of life, including plants, animals, bacteria, molds, and
even viruses, have only the left-handed variety. The mathematical
probability that chance processes could produce just one tiny protein
molecule with only left-handed amino acids is virtually zero.
21. The simplest form of life consists of 600 different protein
molecules. The mathematical probability that just one molecule could
form by the chance arrangement of the proper amino acids is far less
than 1 in 10^527 (10 to the 527th power). The magnitude of the number
10^527 can begin to be appreciated by realizing that the visible
universe is about 10^28 inches in diameter.
22. There are many instances where quite different forms of life are
completely dependent upon each other. Examples include: fig trees and
the fig gall wasp, the yucca plant and the pronuba moth, many parasites
and their hosts, pollen-bearing plants and the honey-bee family
consisting of the queen, workers, and drones. There are many, many
others. If one member of each interdependent group evolved first (such
as the plant before the animal), the other member could not have
survived. Since all members of the group obviously have survived, they
must have come into existence at essentially the same time.
23. Earthly life forms reproduce after their own kind. Different animals
do not inter-breed. This suggests that each of these life forms were
distinctly created. Cats and dogs do not interbreed to produce `cat-
dogs`. Therefore it is highly unlikely that different life forms were
formed by species interbreeding.
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FOSSIL EVIDENCE
"The vast majority of artists` conceptions are based
more on imagination than on evidence. Artists must create
something between an ape and a man; the older the specimen
is said to be, the more apelike they make it."
-- Science Digest
1. Stories claiming that primitive, ape-like men have been found are
overstated. Piltdown man was an acknowledged hoax. The fragmentary
evidence that constituted Nebraska man was a pig's tooth. The
discoverer of Java man later acknowledged that it was a large gibbon and
that he had withheld evidence to that effect. The `evidence` concerning
Peking man has disappeared. Louis and Mary Leakey, the discoverers of
Zinjanthropus (previously referred to by some as Australopithecus),
later admitted that they were probably apes. Ramapithecus man consists
merely of a handful of teeth and jaw fragments; his teeth are very
similar to those of the gelada baboon living today. For about 100 years
the world was led to believe that Neanderthal man was stooped and ape-
like. Recent studies show that this individual was crippled with
arthritis and probably had rickets. Neanderthal man, Heidelberg man, and
Cro-Magnon man are similar to humans living today. Artists' depictions,
especially of the fleshy portions of the body, are quite imaginative and
are not supported by evidence. Furthermore, the dating techniques are
highly questionable.
2. Many of the world's fossils show, by the details of their
soft fleshy portions, that they were buried before they could decay.
This, together with the occurrence of polystrate fossils (fossils that
traverse two or more strata of sedimentary rock) in Carboniferous,
Mesozoic, and Cenozoic formations, is unmistakable evidence that this
sedimentary material was deposited rapidly -- not over hundreds of
millions of years.
3. Many fossils of modern looking humans have been found deep in rock
formations that are supposedly many millions of years older than
evolutionary theory would predict. These remains are ignored or even
suppressed by evolutionists.
4. The vertical sequencing of fossils is frequently not in the assumed
evolutionary order.
5. Nowhere on the earth can one find the so-called "geologic column."
Even at the Grand Canyon, only a small fraction of this imaginary column
is found.
6. If `evolution` had occurred, the fossil record should show continuous
and gradual changes from the bottom to the top layers and between all
forms of life. Just the opposite is found. Many complex species appear
suddenly in the lowest layers, and innumerable gaps and discontinuities
appear throughout.
7. The vast majority of the sediments, which encase practically all
fossils, were laid down though water.
8. The worldwide fossil record is evidence of the rapid death and burial
of animal and plant life by a flood; it is not evidence of slow change.
9. A `simple' protein consists of about 100 amino acids. How likely
would it be that such a protein could `chain together` by chance? Assume
that we have a `soup` full of amino acids. We want these amino acids to
`link up` at random to form a protein consisting of 100 amino acids.
How many different combinations are there? Suppose there are 20
different amino acids available. If we wanted a chain of two acids there
would be 20 possibilities for the first and 20 for the second - a total
of 20 X 20 = 400 possibilities. For a chain of three acids, there would
be 20 X 20 X 20 = 8000 possibilities.
For a protein consisting of 100 amino acids (a `simple` protein),
there would be 20^100 possibilities. 20^100 is roughly equal to
10^130. Scientists have stated that there may be as many as 10^22 stars
in the observable universe. Let`s be generous and assume there are
1000 times that many. Let`s generously assume that each star has
10 `Earths`; that is, 10 planets that have the conditions necessary
for the support of life.
We will change the water into amino acids (10^46 molecules).
Thus, 10^26 * 10^46 = 10^72 amino acids on all the `earths`.
A year has less than 10^8 seconds for a total of 10^78 chains per
year. Let`s assume that the universe is 100 billion years old. We
would have 10^78 * 10^11 chains formed in all the oceans of amino
acids on all of our `earths` around all our stars, for all the years
that the universe has existed. But we have seen that there are
about 10^130 possibilities. Therefore, the probability of forming
by chance the given protein consisting of 100 amino acids in 10^89
tries is less that 10^89/10^130, which equals 1/10^41, OR,
0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000041. This is, needless
to say, an infinitely small number.
Thus, even if there were 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
`Earths`, instead of just the one Earth, the chances of life emerging on
EVEN ONE of them are bleak, to say the least.
And by the way, we looked at a `simple` protein. The average-
sized protein has 500 amino acids!
10. Detailed studies of various animals have revealed certain physical
equipment and capabilities that cannot be duplicated by the world's best
designers using the most sophisticated technologies. A few examples
include: the miniature and reliable sonar systems of the dolphins,
porpoises, and whales; the frequency modulated radar and discrimination
system of the bat; the efficiency and aerodynamic capabilities of the
hummingbird; the control systems, internal ballistics, and combustion
chambers of the bombardier beetle; and the precise and redundant
navigational systems of many birds and fish. Scientists have `proven`
that it is aerodynamically impossible for a bee to fly. Yet it flies.
The many components of these complex systems could not have evolved in
stages without placing a selective disadvantage on the animal.
11. If sexual reproduction in plants, animals, and humans is a result of
`evolution`, an absolutely unbelievable series of chance events would
have had to occur. First, the complex and completely different
reproductive systems of the male must have completely and independently
evolved at about the same time and place as those of the female. A
slight incompleteness in just one of the two would make both systems
useless, and natural selection would oppose their survival. Second, the
physical and emotional systems of the male and female would also need to
be compatible. Third, the complex products of the male reproductive
system (pollen or sperm) would have to have an affinity for and a
mechanical and chemical compatibility with the eggs from the female
reproductive system. Fourth, the intricate and numerous processes
occurring at the molecular level inside the fertilized egg would have to
work with fantastic precision the very first time it happened --
processes which scientists can only describe in an aggregate sense. And
finally, the environment of the fertilized egg, from conception until it
also reproduces with another sexually capable "brother or sister," would
have to be controlled to an unbelievable degree.
And if these processes did not occur at precisely the right time,
then one must restart this incredible chain of events near zero. The
odds then become so astronomical that they insult the intelligence of
anyone with common sense. The `facts` of evolution are already difficult
enough to believe, without stretching them any further.
Either this series of incredible events occurred by random
processes, or else an Intelligent Designer created sexual reproduction.
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WERE THE UNIVERSE, THE SOLAR SYSTEM, THE EARTH, AND LIFE
RECENTLY CREATED?
Naturalistic explanations for the evolution of the solar system and
universe are unscientific and hopelessly inadequate.
According to ALL theories on the evolution of the solar system:
a. The planets should all rotate on their axes in the
same direction; Venus and Uranus rotate `backwards`.
b. All 42 moons of the various planets should revolve in
the same direction; at least 11 revolve `backwards`.
c. The orbits of these 42 moons should all lie in the equatorial
plane of the planet they orbit; many, including the earth's moon,
are highly inclined.
d. The material of the earth (and Mars, Venus, and
Mercury) should almost all be hydrogen and helium --
similar to that of the sun and the rest of the visible universe;
actually much less than 1% of the earth's mass
is hydrogen or helium.
e. The sun should have 700 times more angular
momentum than the planets; the planets have 50 times
more angular momentum than the sun.
1. Detailed analyses indicate that stars could not have formed from
interstellar gas clouds. To do so, either by first forming dust
particles or by a direct gravitational collapse of the gas, would
require vastly more time than the alleged age of the universe. The ONLY
alternative is that stars must have been created.
2. The sun's tidal forces are so strong that dust clouds or gas clouds
lying within the orbit of Jupiter could never condense to form planets.
3. Saturn's rings could not have formed from the disintegration of a
former satellite or from the capture of external material; its particles
are too small and too evenly distributed throughout an orbit that is too
circular.
4. The moon was not torn from the earth, nor did it congeal from the
same material as the earth since the relative abundance of its elements
are too dissimilar from those of the earth. If the moon formed from
particles orbiting the earth, other particles should be easily visible
inside the moon's orbit; none are. The moon's circular, highly inclined
orbit is strong evidence that it was never captured by the earth. If the
moon was not pulled from the earth, was not built up from smaller
particles near its present orbit, and was not captured from outside its
present orbit, only one possibility remains. The moon must have been
created in its present orbit.
5. No scientific theory exists to explain the origin of matter, space,
or time. Since each is intimately related and defined in terms of the
other, a satisfactory explanation for the origin of one must also
explain the origin of the others. Naturalistic explanations have
completely failed.
6. One Postulation of The First Law of Thermodynamics states that the
energy of our universe is constant, or `conserved`. Countless
experiments have shown that regardless of the energy conversion process,
the total amount of energy (or its mass equivalent) remains constant. A
corollary of the First Law is that no energy can be created. Since the
universe obviously has energy, that energy must have been created in the
past when The First Law was not operating. Since the energy of the
universe could not have created itself, Something external must have
created it.
7. Stellar evolution is assumed in estimation the age of stars. These
age estimates are then used to establish a framework for `stellar
evolution`. This is CIRCULAR reasoning.
8. There is NO evidence that galaxies `evolved`.
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IS THE EARTH REALLY AS OLD AS EVOLUTIONISTS SAY IT IS?
1. Any estimated date prior to the beginning of written records must
necessarily assume that the dating clock has operated at a known rate,
that the initial setting of the clock is known, and that the clock has
not been disturbed. These assumptions are not verifiable, and are not
necessarily reliable.
2. A major assumption that underlies all radioactive dating techniques
is that the rates of decay, which have been essentially constant over
the past 70 years, have also been constant over the past 200,000,000
years. This bold, critical, and untestable assumption is made even
though no one knows what causes radioactive decay.
3. The public has been greatly misled concerning the reliability and
trustworthiness of radiometric dating techniques (the Potassium-Argon
method, the Rubidium-Strontium method, and the Uranium-Thorium method).
Many of the published dates can be checked by comparisons with the
assumed ages for the fossils that sometimes bracket radiometrically
dated rock. In over 300 (or almost half) of these PUBLISHED checks, the
radiometrically determined ages were at least one geologic age
in error -- indicating major errors in methodology. An unanswered
question is, "How many other dating checks were not published because
they too were in error?"
4. Pleochroic halos, tiny spheres of discoloration produced by the
radioactive decay of particles that are encased in various crystals,
show that the earth's crust was NEVER in a molten state. Furthermore,
these halos suggest that the rate of radioactive decay was NOT constant,
and in fact, varied by MANY orders of magnitude from that observed
today.
5. Geological formations are almost always dated by their fossil
content, especially by certain INDEX FOSSILS of extinct animals. The
age of the fossil is derived from the ASSUMED evolutionary sequence, but
the evolutionary sequence is based on the fossil record. This reasoning
is CIRCULAR! Furthermore, this procedure has produced many contradictory
results.
6. Human footprints are found alongside dinosaur footprints in the rock
formations of the Paluxy riverbed in Texas. This obviously shows that
man and dinosaurs lived at the same time and the same place. But
evolutionists claim that dinosaurs became extinct about 30 million years
before `man` supposedly began to `evolve`.
7. Many different people have found at different times and places man-
made artifacts encased in coal! Examples include an 8-carat gold chain,
a spoon, a thimble, an iron pot, a bell, and other objects of obvious
human manufacture. Many other "out-of-place artifacts" such as a
metallic vase, a screw, nails, a strange coin, and a doll have been
found buried deeply in solid rock. By evolutionary dating techniques,
these objects would be hundreds of millions of years old; but man
supposedly didn't begin to evolve until 2-4 million years ago. This
casts more doubt on the dating methods used.
8. In rock formations in Utah, Pennsylvania, Missouri, and Kentucky,
human footprints that are supposedly 150-600 million years old have been
found and examined by many different authorities. Obviously, there is a
major error in chronology.
9. The fact that there is no worldwide unconformity in the earth's
sedimentary strata implies that this entire geologic record must have
been deposited rapidly. (An "unconformity" is an erosional surface
between two adjacent rock formations representing a time break of
unknown duration. "Conformities" imply a continuous and rapid
deposition. Since one can always trace a continuous path from the bottom
to the top of the geologic record that avoids these unconformities, the
sediments along that path must have been deposited continuously.)
10. Radiocarbon dating, which has been accurately calibrated by counting
the rings of living trees that are up to 3,500 years old, is unable to
extend this accuracy and date organic remains that are more ancient. A
few people have claimed that ancient wood exists which will permit this
calibration to be extended even further back in time, but these people
have not let outside scientists examine their data. On the other hand,
measurements made at hundreds of sites worldwide indicate that
the concentration of radiocarbon in the atmosphere rose quite rapidly at
some time prior to 3,500 years ago. If this happened, a radiocarbon age
of 40,000 years could easily correspond to a true age of 5,000 years.
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MANY DATING TECHNIQUES SHOW THE EARTH AND SOLAR
SYSTEM TO BE YOUNG
1. Direct measurements of the earth's magnetic field over the past 140
years show a steady and rapid decline in its strength. This decay
pattern is consistent with the theoretical view that there is an
electrical current inside the earth which produces the magnetic field.
If this view is correct, then 25,000 years ago the electrical current
would have been so vast that the earth's structure could not have
survived the heat produced. This would imply that the earth could not be
older than 25,000 years.
2. The atmosphere has less than 40,000 years worth of helium, based on
just the production of helium from the decay of uranium and thorium.
There is no known means by which large amounts of helium can escape from
the atmosphere. The atmosphere appears to be young.
3. The rate at which elements such as copper, gold, tin, lead, silicon,
mercury, uranium and nickel are entering the oceans is very rapid when
compared with the small quantities of these elements already in the
oceans. Therefore, the oceans must be very much younger than a million
years.
4. Evolutionists believe that the continents have existed for at least
1 billion years. However, the continents are being eroded at a rate
that would have leveled them in a relatively short 14 million years.
5. The occurrence of abnormally high gas and oil pressures within
relatively permeable rock implies that these fluids were formed or
encased less than 10,000 years ago. If these hydrocarbons had been
trapped over 10,000 years ago, there would have been leakage which would
have dropped the pressure to a level far below what it is today.
7. There have been no authenticated reports of the discovery of
meteorites in sedimentary material. If the sediments, which have an
average depth of 1 1/2 miles, were laid down over hundreds of millions
of years, many of these steadily falling meteorites should have been
discovered. Therefore, the sediments appear to have been deposited
rapidly; furthermore, since there have been no reports of meteorites
beneath the sediments, they appear to have been deposited recently.
8. Since 1836, over one hundred different observers at the Royal
Greenwich Observatory and U.S. Naval Observatory have made direct visual
measurements which show that the diameter of the sun is shrinking at a
rate of about .1% each century or about 5 feet per hour! Furthermore,
records of solar eclipses indicate that this rapid shrinkage has been
going on for at least the past 400 years. Several indirect techniques
also confirm this gravitational collapse, although these inferred
collapse rates are only about 1/7th as much. Using the most
conservative data, one must conclude that had the sun existed one
million years ago, it would have been so large that it would have heated
the earth so much that life could not have survived. Yet, evolutionists
say that a million years ago all the present forms of life were
essentially as they are now, having completed their `evolution` that
began 200 million years ago.
9. Short period comets "boil off" some of their mass each time they
pass the sun. Nothing should remain of these comets after about 10,000
years. There are no known sources for replenishing comets. If comets
came into existence at the same time as the solar system, the solar
system must be less than 10,000 years old.
10. Jupiter and Saturn are each radiating more than twice the energy
they receive from the sun. Calculations show that it is very unlikely
that this energy comes from radioactive decay or gravitational
contraction. The only other conceivable explanation is that these
planets have not existed long enough to cool off.
11. The sun's gravitational field acts as a giant vacuum cleaner which
sweeps up about 100,000 tons of micrometeorites per day. If the solar
system were just 10,000 years old, no micrometeoroids should remain
since there is no significant source of replenishment. A large disk
shaped cloud of these particles is orbiting the sun. Conclusion: the
solar system is less than 10,000 years old.
12. Stars frequently travel in closely spaced clusters, moving in the
same direction at nearly the same speed. This would not be the case if
they had been traveling for billions of years, because even the
slightest difference in their velocity would cause their dispersal after
such great periods of time.
13. If man and languages `evolved`, the earliest languages should be the
simplest. On the contrary, as one studies languages that are
increasingly ancient, such as Latin (200 B.C.), Greek (800 B.C.), and
Vedic Sanskrit (1500 B.C.), they become INCREASINGLY COMPLEX with
respect to syntax, cases, genders, moods, voices, tenses, and verb
forms. The evidence indicates that languages do not Evolve, they
DEvolve.
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PART TWO
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This lecture composed by Dr. L., D.D.S
I request that the reader `pretend` that the material below, being
derived from an audio tape, is entirely enclosed in quotes. I have
not included them because I am not a very good typist, and to have
added them would have required quite a bit more time to put this
information into print.
Also, please forgive me for any typing, spelling, or grammatical
errors that I may have made. Thank you.
-------------------------------------------------------
"I would like to approach the theory of evolution from an academic
standpoint. I have personally paid my dues....as most of you know, I
have a degree of dentistry, which requires a study of many courses in
the biological sciences, in college and dental school, to get that type
of degree.
One of the optional courses I took while going to ------- college
was a course entitled `evolution`. After a creationist-oriented child
and teen years, I went to college, and that`s when I started getting
REALLY smart.
Looking back now, I realize that I had fallen victim to a great deal
of scientific deception.
I want you to know that the theory of evolution looks pretty good if
you look at it from a distance. When you get right down to the `nuts and
bolts` of evolution, it is in deep trouble.
One of the leading scientists of this age has called evolution
`incredible`. The definition of `incredible` is not `amazing`.
`Incredible` literally means `without credibility`. He said that "the
problem is, the only alternative is creation." In effect he meant that
since he `knew` creation is `wrong`, he HAD to believe evolution.
This was not a man making fun of creationism. This is a scientist,
and true scientists all over the world realize that the theory of
evolution is in deep trouble. Yet they cling to it, because to do
otherwise would be to admit the existence of God.
In the 1800`s and in the past, we knew so little about the life
process that scientists could make a case for the theory of evolution.
However, as our knowledge of genetics and the human body as a whole
progressed, facts began emerging that cause the theory of evolution to
be in doubt. The same goes for our knowledge of the universe.
I believe it was Karl Marx that said that `religion is the opiate of
the masses`. In other words he meant that the masses use religion as an
opiate to mollify their existence.
I say that evolution is the opiate of the scientist. I believe that
every person has seen enough evidence to realize that sooner or later
they will come face-to-face with a holy God. In order to pacify their
conscience concerning that inevitable meeting, the scientists have come
up with a theory that, in effect, says `there is no God`. The theory of
evolution basically says that we made ourselves. Creationism says that
a Creator made us.
I went through a stage of theistic evolution, trying to combine
creationism with the theory of evolution, because I had been taught that
the theory of evolution is an absolute law. But I soon learned that the
theory of evolution is totally contrary to the Scriptures.
So I`ve come full circle. We will now explore the theory of
evolution to see `what makes it tick`, to see what the scientific basis
is for the theory of evolution. We will see how sound the foundation is
for the theory of evolution.
We need to differentiate between ORGANIC evolution and INORGANIC
evolution. ORGANIC evolution concerns LIVING matter; INORGANIC means
non-living matter. We will be concerned only with ORGANIC evolution.
There are those that say that the universe `evolved`. That subject would
require a separate study. For now we are concerned only with `organic
evolution.
First, a definition of `evolution`. Simply stated, evolution is the
theory that living matter arose from chemicals.
When I was in college, one of the first laws I was taught was the
`Law of Biogenesis`. This law states that life does NOT arise
spontaneously from non-living materials. Needless to say, the theory of
evolution is in direct conflict with this law. The theory of evolution
says that life emerged spontaneously from dead matter. The origin of the
theory of evolution was, of course, Charles Darwin. He was not the only
scientist who postulated the theory, however. Lamar was another
scientist who was a believer in the theory of evolution.
What is the `motor` that propels the theory of evolution? To
understand the `motor`, we need to discuss the concepts that are
necessary to the theory of evolution.
Those are natural selection, mutations, and lengthy (or epochal)
time periods. We want to look at these things individually, to see
"where the evolutionist is coming from", and to see how steady the
foundation of the theory of evolution is.
NATURAL SELECTION is the tendency of nature to perpetuate the
`survival of the fittest`. It says that as we `evolved` over the
millions of years, the strongest of each of the species has survived,
and have gradually changed into a new and different life-form. It is
also the `natural selection` tendency to eliminate the inferior species,
those unfit to live in a changing world. Natural selection is NOT a
method of `macro mutation`, and we need to differentiate between `macro
mutation` and `micro mutation`.
`MACRO MUTATION` is a major postulate of the theory of evolution.
It says that species are able to `evolve`, and to change into A NEW AND
DIFFERENT SPECIES. Natural Selection is NOT a method of `macro
mutation`.
`MICRO MUTATION` is the ability of members of a given species to
exist in different forms. For instance, a poodle and a saint bernard are
examples of `micro mutation`. They are of course both dogs, but have
different appearances. But you must remember that no matter what the
color, no matter what the size, they are STILL dogs. They are not
`evolving` into horses.
I believe in micro mutations, but I do not believe in macro
mutations. There is simply no evidence whatsoever that macro mutations
have ever produced a more viable life-form.
An example of a micro mutation is the `peppered moth` of the eastern
seaboard. Evolutionists love to say that this moth is `proof` of
evolution, because the color of this moth has changed from light colors
to dark colors over the past several hundred years. They say that since
the trees of that area have darkened in color due to air pollution, the
moth has `evolved` into a darker color to evade their natural predators
by `matching` the color of the tree bark. They neglect to mention that
the moth has changed color for the SAME REASON that the trees have, due
to air pollution and smog. Yet evolutionists point to this as the
`greatest proof` of the theory of evolution ever witnessed.
If this is `evidence` of evolution, I say that they have not
witnessed evolution at all, BECAUSE THEY ARE STILL MOTHS. They still
have the genetic material of a moth.
Thus there are limits to the extent of change within the many
different species. It is amazing how far these limits extend. The
genetic material has variations, but a dog will always be a dog. No dog
has `evolved` into a horse. If one ever did, the theory of evolution
would have at least a reprieve. But no solid evidence of such an
incident exists.
---------
I recently read that if you took one chromosome from a human and
stretched it out, it would be seven feet long. ONE chromosome. It would
be so thin you could not see it even with an electron microscope.
If you took ALL of the chromosomes in the average human body and
stretched them in a chain, they would extend back and forth to the moon
200,000 times. I want you to know that there is an enormous amount of
genetic information in the human body.
If you took the genetic information in your body and entered it into
your computer word processor, it would require enough paper to more than
fill the Grand Canyon.
It takes an enormous amount of information to produce a human from
the sperm and ovary. It takes a gigantic amount of genetic
`instructions` to produce a human.
The theory of evolution says that by mutations, `accidents` can
happen to that instruction bank, and then as that organism grows into
adulthood, that `accident` will produce a `better` life form.
Now, the human body is infinitely more complex than an automobile.
What if, during the construction of an automobile, someone at the
factory changes something? What if they connected a spark plug wire to
the gas tank? What if they miswired the electrical system? What if they
installed the pistons backwards? What if they installed the distributor
where it was not in sequence with the crankshaft? Would the result ever
be an improvement in any of these cases? Of course not.
The same results are produced when genetic material mutates.
Mutations are virtually always detrimental. The results are usually
fatal. Sometimes the subject is merely crippled. Sometimes there is
simply a malformed form of the same creature. But there is NO evidence
of a mutation ever producing a more viable life-form.
Thus we have now discussed both natural selection and mutations.
These, remember, are the cornerstones of the theory of evolution. But
mutations are the only means of producing `evolution` as we know it.
I would like to read an excerpt from a book written by Dr. Walter T.
Brown. Dr. Brown is a retired Colonel from the Air Force, a West Point
graduate, and has a Phd in engineering from the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. It is my understanding that MIT does not give degrees to
persons who do not have the credentials necessary to obtain one. He has
been a Fellow of the National Science Foundation, and so on.
In his book, Dr. Brown says that "the process of mutation is the
only known source of raw materials of genetic viability, and hence,
evolution." He is quoting here from a man named Theodosus Dzenski [sp],
who is one of the most famous teachers of the theory of evolution.
Dzenski [sp] says, "The mutants which arise are, with rare
exceptions, deleterious to their carriers, at least in the environments
which the species normally arise."
In other words, he is saying that if these mutants are produced in a
laboratory setting, a scientist can sometimes manage to keep them alive.
In the environments where the species normally lives, these mutants
usually die.
A quote from the magazine `Origin of The Species` says, "If we say
that if only by chance the mutants are useful, we are still speaking too
leniently. In general, they are useless, detrimental, or lethal."
Why that quote was in that magazine is a mystery, because if you`re
trying to sell the theory of evolution, that statement is not conducive
to your cause.
--------------
Paul Moorehead has written a book, "Mathematical Challenges to the
Darwinian Interpretation of Evolution." In it, he says he decided "to
find out whether a single amino acid change in a hemoglobin mutation
is known that doesn`t produce a result harmful to the function of that
hemoglobin." He was studying the changes necessary in a hemoglobin to
improve it.
He says, "One is hard put to find such an instance." Yet
evolutionists have taught for years that Alpha Hemoglobin A changed
through mutations into Beta Hemoglobin A.
Mr. Moorehead learned that such a mutation would require A MINIMUM
of 10^120 mutations.
How large is 10^120? There are "only" 10^80 electrons in the entire
universe. Now this man is telling us that it would take 10^120 micro
mutations to change this one hemoglobin? How many of you believe that
evolution accomplished this feat?
To continue this story, scientists say that there is enough room in
the space around an atom so that the electrons of an atom have the same
amount of space as two bees flying in Saint Peter`s Cathedral. Thus
there is a large amount of space between the electrons that orbit around
an atom.
How many electrons do you think you could `pack` into the universe
if you disregarded the electrical repulsion of the electrons? We know
that there are 10^80 electrons, and there is the same amount of space
between electrons as two bees flying in Saint Peter`s Cathedral.
What exponent do we put on the 10 now? The answer is 10^120, the
same as the number of mutations required to change that single
hemoglobin.
The more you think about this comparison, the more you will begin to
realize that the theory of evolution is on shaky ground.
What are some of the mutations present in the human species? Well,
there is albinism, dwarfism, color blindness, and Down`s Syndrome. These
are genetic mutations, the `stuff` that evolutionists say produced
modern man.
How many of those would you like to have? How many of those
mutations have benefitted the people that they happened to?
The motor that drives the theory of evolution is mutations. Yet
there has never been a documented example of a beneficial mutation.
-------------
One of the things we have been pounded with is the amount of time
necessary to allow mutations to produce modern-day species. The
evolutionists are desperately looking for time, because if you can
produce enough time, you can hide the many weaknesses of the theory of
evolution. But eons of time are an absolute necessity, simply because of
the amount of mutations necessary, as we saw a few minutes ago.
There are a number of `clocks` that are used to judge the age of the
universe. We will see whether or not these `clocks` are reliable. We
will see whether or not the universe is really as old as the theory of
evolution postulates.
The first is radio-metric dating. Potassium argon or uranium lead is
used to determine how old something is. Carbon-14 is radioactive carbon.
Carbon normally has 12 electrons, but occasionally a carbon atom has 14
electrons. When it has 14, it is unstable.
If you took ten pounds of Carbon-14 and came back 1,000 years later,
if there was only five pounds of Carbon-14 left, and the rest was
Carbon-12, that is how you would at least theoretically determine the
age of the carbon. If that is over your head, just let it go; but that
is how that `clock` works.
When a creature is alive it of course breathes. Even plants breathe.
Thus Carbon-14 enters the creature or plant. When an animal dies, you
should be able to measure the amount of Carbon-14 remaining in the
specimen and thus to determine the age of that specimen. You should be
able to use a scale to determine how much Carbon-14 it should have had,
and then the specimen`s age should be measurable. This dating method,
incidentally, is only good for organic material, and it is only reliable
for a timespan of about 40,000 years. For a longer period of time,
potassium argon or lead uranium dating must be used. These latter
materials have half-lives (supposedly) in the millions of years.
This is a pretty good theory; we shall now see how shaky its
foundation is.
To make these clocks work, you have to assume that the rate of
radioactive decay is the same today as it has been for the last 40,000
years. However, scientists have recently discovered that the rate of
radioactive decay can be changed, not in tiny amounts, but in
significant amounts. Yet we have been deceived into believing that
radioactive decay is an absolutely steady process. That is not true.
Another necessity for this clock is that the amount of Carbon-14 in
the atmosphere would have to have been the same for the last 40,000
years. How many of you believe that the concentration of C-14 in the
atmosphere 20,000 years ago was the same as it is today? How many of you
believe that it was the same 50 years ago? It wasn`t. We`ve been
measuring it for about 50 years, and it has changed in `only` 50 years.
What does that tell you about the reliability of the Carbon-14 dating
system?
How many of you believe that the concentration of radioactive argon
or potassium is the same as it was two million years ago? That is a very
shaky presumption for the theory of evolution.
The point that I am trying to make is that the `facts` that we have
been bombarded with are not necessarily true. We assume, since a theory
comes from a `distinguished` scientist, it is a law. That is an absolute
falsehood. These `clocks` are NOT as reliable as we have been led to
believe.
A scientist who won the Nobel Peace Prize once said, at a meeting
with other Nobel Prize winners, concerning radio-metric dating, "if it
corroborates our theory and our work, we print it. If it comes close, we
put it in a footnote. If it is contradictory, we don`t mention it at
all."
How`s that for scientific honesty?
A quote from `Common Problems With Radio-Metric Dating`: "The fact
that erroneous results can be and often are derived from radio-metric
dating techniques has been experimentally verified. For instance living
snails have been dated at 2,300 years old by the carbon-dating method."
How many of you believe that a living snail could be 2,300 years
old? Wood from living trees has been dated at being 10,000 years old.
How many of you believe that a tree can live 10,000 years?
Hawaiian lava flows known to be about 200 years old have been dated
by potassium argon dating as being 3,000,000,000 years old.
These scientists would do well to consider the question put to Job
by God: "Where were YOU when I laid the foundation of the earth?"
I have a total of 69 points that indicate a young earth. We will not
have time to cover them all, but I will include as much information as
possible.
-----------
We will now talk about the `clock` of cosmic dust. 14,000,000 tons
of cosmic dust fall on the earth every year. The earth has a good
atmosphere so that this dust could have been dispersed for a long period
of time.
Cosmic dust has a high concentration of nickel in it. Therefore if
this dust has been falling for hundreds of millions of years, we should
be able to find an enormous amount of nickel. We have not. Either the
rate of this dust has changed greatly in the last 50 years, or our world
is not as old as we have been led to believe.
Scientists thought that the lunar lander had to be designed with
large feet. Since there is no atmosphere or rain to disperse this cosmic
dust, considering the supposed age of the moon, the lunar lander might
sink into the dust.
How much did it cost taxpayers to pay for the landing pods on the
lunar module? Remember that the lunar lander had `feet` about six feet
in diameter?
What happened? The dust wasn`t 200,000,000 years thick, was it? It
was about 1/2 an inch deep. What does that point to? A young moon.
How about Niagara Falls? Scientists have measured the erosion rate
of Niagara Falls for more than 100 years. If the North American
continent has existed for as long as evolutionists claim, Niagara Falls
would have eroded itself completely around the world, more than once.
What does that suggest? A young earth.
How about the Mississippi delta? Scientists have studied it for more
than 150 years, because of the concern about flooding of the delta area.
There is a great deal of information about the Mississippi delta. At its
current rate of sedimentation, guess how long it has taken to reach its
present configuration? About 4,000 years.
The delta produces about 300,000,000 cubic yards of sedimentation
into the Gulf of Mexico every year.
You can also look at from the other side. At the current rate of
sedimentation, if the Mississippi delta has existed as long as
evolutionists say it has, it would have filled up the Gulf of Mexico
more than once. What does that suggest? A young earth.
Scientists have discovered that the Earth`s rotational speed is
declining. If the earth is 2,000,000,000 years old, as evolutionists
say it is, and it had been slowing at the present rate, the earth would
have stopped rotating many years ago. Its rotational speed would be
zero.
Looking at this in another light, if you extrapolate the rotational
speed of the earth, and increase it as you go back in time 2,000,000,000
years, it would have been spinning so rapidly that all the continents
would have drifted to the equator, and the earth would have become a
`pancake`. What does this point to? A young earth.
The earth has a population growth of about 1/2 of 1% a year.
Actually this is a very conservative estimate. In actuality, the growth
rate is about twice that much.
How long would take one man and one woman to populate the entire
world at 1/2 its present rate of growth? About 4,000 years.
If you went back in time to the time when evolutionists say that
mankind as we know it began, guess what the population of the earth
would be at 1/2 the present growth rate. The population would be 10^2100
people! You remember that there are `only` 10^80 electrons in the
universe. Remember that if the universe were `packed` with electrons,
there would only be room for 1^120 electrons? That number is NOTHING
compared to 10^2100.
What does this evidence point to? A young earth.
Let`s talk about stars. Our sun produces the energy of about
1,000,000,000 hydrogen bombs per second. By doing that it is converting
the smallest form of atomic elements, hydrogen, and radiating that out
into space. The sun is therefore consuming itself.
There are stars that are 1,000,000 times brighter than our sun. That
means that they are using a phenomenal amount of matter to produce this
much energy, and they are radiating this energy out into space. If you
take the present size of those `superstars`, and extrapolate back
2,000,000,000 years, those stars would have had to be implausibly large
to be the size they are today. In fact, one of them would have had to
have been big enough to occupy almost the entire universe! What does
that suggest? A young universe.
There are many more indicators that suggest a young universe. They
range from the sublime to the absurd. Unfortunately, time does permit me
to cover them all.
-------------
Now let`s consider the demands of creation versus the demands of the
theory of evolution.
First, creation demands the presence of a creator. The theory of
evolution demands the absence of a creator.
Second, creation demands the creation of matter. The theory of
evolution has no explanation for the origin of matter.
Third, as for the time span of the existence of the universe,
creation demands the time span of recorded history. The theory of
evolution demands eons of time, billions of years.
Fourth, creation demands a `spirit world`. That is, the presence of
a `higher power`, one who created this universe and governs its
operation. This `higher power` is the giver of life. The theory of
evolution does not allow for a higher power or a giver of life. The
theory of evolution says life emerged spontaneously from non-living
matter.
Fifth, there is the fossil record. Creation demands a sudden
appearance of life forms in the fossil record. The theory of evolution
says that the fossil record should show the `evolution` of life forms.
The theory of evolution says the fossil record should show species
changing from one life form to another. There should be many, many
examples of this in the fossil record, if all the many life forms we see
today truly `evolved` from the `primeval soup`. We will look in detail
at this subject later.
Now, to consider all of these demands in detail, we will begin with
the first. Since the belief or non-belief in a Creator is a personal
matter, this is something that science cannot measure. It is either yes
or no, depending on what a given person believes.
The creationist has a choice here. Ironically, the evolutionist DOES
NOT HAVE A CHOICE. The creationist can choose to believe in a Creator or
to believe in evolution. The evolutionist MUST believe in evolution,
since he `knows` that there is no Creator.
Secondly, there is the question of the origin of matter. The
creationist believes that a Creator created matter. Where does the
evolutionist say matter came from? Why, it came from the `Big Bang`.
Hold it. I didn`t say, "how did matter come into its present form?". I
said, WHERE DID MATTER COME FROM? The evolutionist might say it
condensed into this big blob before the `Big Bang`. Well, you missed me
again. I asked, `Where did it come from?`. The point is, the
evolutionist has no answer for this question. If matter `condensed`
from energy, as some evolutionists say, where did that energy come from?
The creationist has no problem with this demand. The evolutionist
has MANY problems with this demand.
It is true that the evolutionist could ask, `Where did the Creator
come from?`. That is an area where man`s mind fails, because man cannot
comprehend the actions of the infinite, or the workings of a Being
infinitely greater than man. There are no words to comprehend or
describe a Being so far advanced from us mere mortal beings.
My answer is that their position on creation demands an answer, and
my position does not, because my position deals with an infinite Being.
The evolutionist`s position does not deal with the infinite.
Third, the subject of the age of the universe has been covered in
the previous material. We have seen that dating methods are far from
reliable, and we have seen that there is a great deal of evidence that
strongly suggests that the universe is not nearly as old as the theory
of evolution claims it is.
Fourth, there is the question of where life came from. The
creationist has no problem with this demand. Life was given from the
Creator to man. The creationist has an understanding of life; of what
life really is. The creationist knows that a man is much more than just
a collection of matter and chemicals.
If you ask an evolutionist what life is they will likely tell you
that it is the result of the production of chemicals. In essence, their
only concept of life is the arrangement of matter.
I believe that this question can be proven. Suppose that there is a
person in the hospital who has just died of a heart attack. I challenge
the evolutionist to take this person, to cool him down, and to go in and
repair or replace his heart. If life is nothing more than a collection
of chemicals and the specific arrangement of matter, let`s correct the
chemical imbalances in his body, and then the evolutionist can bring him
back to life.
The evolutionist wouldn`t have to wait for lightning to strike the
primordial soup, here`s a human already `evolved`. Let`s see if the
evolutionist can bring him back to life.
I don`t mean to be morbid or sarcastic, but I believe that this
example, though it may be offensive, readily illustrates the
shortcomings of the evolutionist`s concept of life. In reality, the
average evolutionist knows almost nothing of what life is really all
about, especially the spiritual world. The evolutionist is spiritually
DEAD.
The creationist`s understanding of life enables him to see that the
Creator has taken back the life that was given to this man, AND THERE IS
ABSOLUTELY NOTHING THAT THE EVOLUTIONIST CAN DO ABOUT IT.
-----------
Next we will consider the fossil record. If there is anything that
can tangibly `prove` the theory of evolution, the fossil record would be
the most likely. Fossils can of course be seen, handled, and examined.
It has been instilled into this generation that the age of anything
can be absolutely proven. As we have seen from our study of the various
dating methods, there is very little that is absolute in the `science`
of dating. The methods and results are at best questionable.
Recent advances in science has shown that there are questions
regarding things once thought absolute. I have read that scientists have
discovered that the speed of light is slowing down. There is evidence
that atomic clocks do not run at a constant rate. They, too, are slowing
down.
Concerning the fossil record, let me read what a leading scientist
has said:
"The fossil record reveals the absence of life forms in the lower
2/3rds of the earth`s crust. Then, suddenly, an abundance of advanced
life forms appear. The oldest rocks in which indisputable fossils are
found are those of the so-called `Cambrien Period.` The Cambrien [sp]
Period sedimentary deposits contain BILLIONS AND BILLIONS of fossils of
HIGHLY ADVANCED and HIGHLY DEVELOPED life forms. Every major
invertebrate form is found in the Cambrien rock layer. The complexity of
these advanced life forms is so great that evolutionists claim that it
would have taken 1,500,000,000 years to `evolve`."
If the theory of evolution is `true`, why do we find NO life forms
in the rock layers underneath the Cambrien rock layer? If evolution
produced these advanced life forms, where is the evidence that these
fossils `evolved` from more simple life forms? Where are the fossils
that these advanced life forms `evolved` from?
If you believe in creation, the fossil record fits in perfectly.
This is exactly what you would expect if this world, and the creatures
in it, all began at one point in time. You would expect a sudden
appearance of advanced creatures, virtually at the same time.
