The first I heard of it was probably from Kenneth E. Hagin in the early 70s.
I somehow deleted the rest of this post when I added that direct answer to your direct question. For all it's worth....
Simplify by taking the "body" out of the formula for a moment. We can all agree man has a body, the purpose of it at the very least to interact with our environment. People share the same air, all have the same breath as any other land dwelling creature. We know God breathed Adam's first breath, but the Bible doesn't indicate how animals began breathing. But we know there is more to us than what animals have, the "inner man" already spoken of in an earlier post. The outward man (body) perishes daily, yet some part of us has been redeemed and eternally saved if in Christ, while looking forward to redemption of the body.
Consider this scripture. Hebrews 4:12 "For the word of God is quick, and powerful, and sharper than any twoedged sword, piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and spirit, and of the joints and marrow, and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart."
God's word appears to be able to deal with invisible things inside us. It distinguishes between a soul and spirit, able to divide them. Since nothing can separate us from the indwelling Spirit, it can't mean the Word of God separates His Spirit from our soul. If anything is true about that His goal is to make us perfectly in union with His Spirit. I take the Bible literally to establish a dual hidden inner man within the human body. One part can be "born again", the spiritman, leaving our mind (soul) and body in the same state as found. It takes work to sanctify the soul (heal the mind, rid us of carnal thinking, conform to the mind of Christ), which is not necessarily changed a bit without at least reading the Word. That has to do with the wholeness Paul spoke of, that our soul, spirit and body will all three be found blameless. The spirit is eternal, will stand before the judgment of Christ/judgment of God, depending on eternal destiny. The body dies, and so can the soul, not preserved with the spirit, if neglected. We ought to value saving of the soul as well as the initial saving of the spirit (born again spirit) and redemption of the body in a glorified state. There is strong evidence in scripture God will not welcome a carnal soul that for instance only knows a lifetime of carnality, the spirit barely saved as by fire. Back to that shortly.
Here's another familiar passage to support "man is a spirit".. John 3:[5] "Jesus answered, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God. [6] That which is born of the flesh is flesh; and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit. [7] Marvel not that I said unto thee, Ye must be born again. [8] The wind bloweth where it listeth, and thou hearest the sound thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh, and whither it goeth: so is every one that is born of the Spirit."
Some say Jesus referred to being born of the womb, but that is nonsense. One is born of a woman to be a man to start with, and not all born are saved. Being "born of water" can only mean the washing by the water of the Word, that followed by rebirth of the spiritman by the Spirit. It appears to me man is born in the "flesh", but must be reborn of the Spirit and be a live spirit. I believe every person is born with a spirit, an inner man, that is dead toward spiritual matters, even as Adam was a spirit that could commune with God (not shared by animals), but sin killed his spiritman. For that matter I believe the Bible makes it clear we are spirit beings born to exist forever in the spirit world. Whether you believe you are born with a dead inner man, spiritually dead, or not apparently isn't an issue in this thread, so I'll skip that part. For a certainty Jesus declared you must be born again, and wasn't talking about getting a new body as Nicodemus was thinking. A flesh man has a body of flesh and obviously can live in that body with a dead spirit, yet has a mind, will, emotions, can reason, etc. No dead person can do those things. The mind is alive from birth, but a third part of us is not. I find plenty of evidence the "soul" is the "awareness" that separates man from animals, a special part of human life breathed into the first man and of course woman. God didn't do that for the animals He created earlier, but made man sufficiently to have dominion over all of living creatures. But that's another topic too.
I'll point out another thought. God wants our entire being to be gloriously saved and enjoying the abundant life in this life before Jesus comes back. 1 Thes. 5:23 "And the very God of peace sanctify you wholly; and I pray God your whole spirit and soul and body be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ." Paul used three distinct Greek terms of the composition of what should be sanctified "whole" or "entire".
spirit-pneuma
soul-psuche
body-soma
Those are not interchangeable terms. The soul is often called the "heart" in the KJV and other versions. I don't like the circle graphs, or the water/ice/steam analogy, or that man was made with some pattern of the Father/Son/Holy Spirit. God is not divisible into "essences" that can war against each other, certainly not by His own Word. He is One, in three Persons, but in perfect unity as though one Being. The Bible doesn't support any of those popular "explanations". I rather think of the three entities of man as being divided only by the Word of God or at physical death of the body. If one part dies the other two must exist as best they can, living forever in one of two parts of the spirit world. It is evident to me a person can lose their soul, their entire mind/will,emotions/memory, etc, yet the body lives in a "vegetative state". The soul/spirit/body are intermingled in the living human being, so that if the spirit of man is dead the soul and body bear a burden of a dead inner man that cannot commune with another spirit. The born again inner man will go be with the Lord upon death of the outer man, etc. The dead spirit of a man or woman will otherwise remain dead toward God, with an eternal destiny of Hell and the lake of fire.
It helps to occasionally read the entire New Testament at once like a novel, straight through. You can gather all that is necessary to understand about the spirit, the soul, and the body, something we can't replace here in posts. Get a cheap paperback KJV Bible and highlight all references to spirit, soul, body to help seal the full understanding.