[__ Science __ ] Neanderthal Man: Like Other Humans

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Neanderthal architectural preferences, like hot water, organized living spaces, and warm bedrooms, add to our growing understanding that Neanderthals were human.

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Neandertals are our own species, or a very closely related species. The two populations even interbred. Most humans have a fair amount of Neandertal DNA in their chromosomes.

There are some conspicuous differences in the two species/subspecies. We have a chin, while Neandertals retain the "simian shelf" a reinforcing sheet of bone inside the lower jaw found in all other apes. They had a somewhat different shoulder joint, which possibly made it harder to throw accurately and with force. There's evidence on both sides of that issue, but we don't see any projectile weapons made by Neandertals.

They were shorter, and a lot more muscular than we are, which is why their skulls are larger; you need a lot of brain to operate muscle. Also the brains were shaped somewhat differently, whether or not that has any significance is unknown.
 
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