I prefer going with a word (as embodying an idea), a statement, a speech.
In John 1:1b and 1:2, the word "with" is the Greek word
pros. Being in the accusative case, it denotes motion towards. It isn't merely being with but it is intimate union and communion; it is interpersonal relationship inseparable from God, yet distinct from him. This is why 1:1c makes sense in every good translation--"the Word was God [in nature]."
Ideas, statements, speeches, etc., cannot fit with what John was meaning; only a person can. Only a person can be in intimate relationship with another person.
And that is supported by 1 John 4:8 and 16--"God is love." The highest and fullest expression of love is an action from one person to another (such as in John 15:13). If God's nature is love, then it necessarily must have always been expressed in the highest and fullest expression within himself, since there are no other gods. But if God is unitarian, wouldn't that be impossible? God would have needed creation in order to love. However, if God needed creation in order to become love, then he could not be love; love could not be intrinsic to his nature. It only makes sense if God is a Trinity (or at least a "binity"), that love can be an attribute of being. That agrees rather well with John 1:1b and 1:2, does it not?
Again, John is remarkably consistent.
Below refers to Abraham seeing the prophecy concerning the Messiah in the sense of knowing about it in faith, but not literally seeing Jesus.
John 8
56Your father Abraham rejoiced that he would see my day. He saw it and was glad.”
Yes, Abraham saw the day coming, but that is not what Jesus is referring to in verse 58. The Jews respond in verse 57 with "You are not yet fifty years old, and you have seen Abraham?" There rhetorical question points out the matter of Jesus's relatively young age compared to the 2000 or so years since Abraham. That is what Jesus responds to in verse 58.
Notice that Jesus first says "before Abraham was." That is past tense, indicating that Abraham had existed at a point in time in the past. Jesus then compares himself to that with, "I am." That is absolute existence, taken straight from Ex 3:14. In other words, Jesus takes the name of God and applies it to himself.
The Jews picked up stones to stone him because that was blasphemy; he was making himself equal to God. And that is not the only time that happens. They fully understood what he said, so I think we should probably understand it that way as well. It is also completely consistent with John 1:1-3, and it should be or else there is a serious problem.
Matt 13
17For truly I tell you, many prophets and righteous men longed to see what you see but did not see it, and to hear what you hear but did not hear it.
Both contexts are about men.
Jesus is a man, yes, but he is also God. John's gospel starts by pointing that out.
It's more nuanced than that. Receiving glory from God isn't the same as being God:
John 17
22I have given them the glory You gave Me, so that they may be one as We are one—
Two things. First, that doesn't actually address the point you made, namely, that "John 17:5 refers to Jesus pre-existing in God's thoughts and plans (the logos)." I responded by asking: It's impossible to be in possession of something and to be in relationship with someone when you are just a mere thought or plan, is it not?
Second, to more clear in what I said previously, Jesus is actually saying that he possessed the glory of the Father
prior to creation--"before the world existed"--despite God having said in Isaiah that he will not give his glory to another. Existing prior to creation is absolute existence; in which the Son possessed the glory of the Father. That is perfectly consistent with John 1:1-2 and 8:58. And, again, we should expect it to be or there is a serious problem.
Start here: where is an example of Jesus having glory with God before the world existed? Are there any? If no, why would one assume Jesus literally existed? I can see that it obviously refers to Jesus pre-existing in God's foreknowledge, but not literally.
We don't need an example. Jesus himself said he possessed the glory of the Father prior to creation. John's prologue, the whole purpose of which is to introduce us to who Jesus is, begins with him stating the absolute existence of the Word in 1:1a, the intimate union and communion of the Word with God in 1:1b, and then states that the Word was God in nature. The third clause is perfectly consistent with the first two clauses; it could be said to be the logical conclusion.
John 1:2 begins by reiterating the absolute existence of the Word, and finishes by reiterating the intimate union and communion the Word had with God (again, supported by John 17:5, and 1 John 4:8, 16).
That cannot simply be referring to God's foreknowledge or his plans, or whatever else. It can only mean that the preincarnate Son, the Word, literally existed prior to all creation with the Father (and the Holy Spirit). That means he is also truly and fully God, but that he isn't the Father. Combine that with the foundational fact that there is only one God, and...
It is all very consistent and coherent, which cannot be said if the Son merely preexisted in God's mind. Of course, that doesn't mean it is easy to understand or fully comprehensible.