Commenting on Matthew 10:28 in his book Immortality of the Soul or Resurrection of the Dead? Professor Oscar Cullmann writes: “psykhe[soul] here does not mean the Greek concept of soul but should rather be translated life."
Cullman never said that. He said:
"... It is important to see how different the New Testament anthropology is from that of the Greeks. Body and soul are both originally good in so far as they are created by God; they are both bad in so far as the deadly power of the flesh has hold of them. Both can and must be set free by the quickening power of the Holy Spirit.
Here, therefore, deliverance consists not in a release of soul from body but in a release of both from flesh. We are not released from the body; rather the body itself is set free. This is made especially clear in the Pauline Epistles, but it is the interpretation of the whole New Testament. In this connexion one does not find the differences which are present among the various books on other points. Even the much-quoted saying of Jesus in Matthew 10:28 in no way presupposes the Greek conception. ‘Fear not them that kill the body, but cannot kill the soul.’ It might seem to presuppose the view that the soul has no need of the body, but the context of the passage shows that this is not the case. Jesus does not continue: ‘Be afraid of him who kills the soul’ ; rather: ‘Fear him who can slay both soul
and body in Gehenna.’ That is, fear God, who is able to give comletely to death; to wit, when He does not resurrect you to life.
We shall see, it is true, that the soul is the starting-point of the resurrection, since, as we have said, it can already be possessed by the Holy Spirit in a way quite different from the body. The Holy Spirit already lives in our inner man. ‘By the Holy Spirit who dwells in you (already)’, says Paul in Romans 8:11, ‘God will also quicken your mortal bodies.’ Therefore, those who kill only the body are not to be feared. It can be raised from the dead. Moreover, it must be raised. The soul cannot always remain without a body. And on the other side we hear in Jesus’ saying in Matthew 10:28 that the soul can be killed. The soul is not immortal. There must be resurrection for both; for since the Fall the whole man is ‘sown corruptible’. For the inner man, thanks to the transformation by the quickening power of the Holy Spirit, the resurrection can take place already in this present life: through the ‘renewal from day to day’. The flesh, however, still maintains its seat in our body. The transformation of the body does not take place until the End, when the whole creation will be made new by the Holy Spirit, when there will be no death and no corruption."-
Immortality of the Soul or Resurrection of the Dead? Chapter 2. By Oscar Cullmann
And Cullmann misunderstood Christ's warning, the terrible nature of Gehenna. Its a place of PHYSICAL and SOULICAL torment, BOTH are horribly destroyed (
622 ἀπόλλυμι apollumi), that is ruined just as wineskins can be destroyed, ruined for use (Mt. 9:17)
622 ἀπόλλυμι apollumi {ap-ol'-loo-mee}
Meaning: 1) to destroy 1a) to put out of the way entirely, abolish, put an end to ruin 1b) render useless 1c) to kill 1d) to declare that one must be put to death 1e) metaph. to devote or give over to eternal misery in hell 1f) to perish, to be lost, ruined, destroyed 2) to destroy 2a) to lose
The abominable Resurrection body and soul of the wicked are "destroyed" in the same way as a "body and soul" in the TV show "The Walking Dead" is a destroyed human being.
The resurrection body of the wicked reeks of corruption, infested with undying worms that literally "eat it alive". The soul is trapped within, the "person" himself is enduring physical pain, and the "person" or "life" within is also suffering spiritual pain from being separated from all that is good.
Unlike the abominations in the "Walking Dead", these resurrected bodies of the wicked are "corpses, dead carcasses" that cannot walk to lesser tormenting regions of Gehenna, or see any light. It is the "outer darkness" far away from anything good from God. The abominations are in Gehenna a garbage dump piled up on top of each other like rubbish, burning in unquenchable fire.
THAT IS WHY we should fear God, Gehenna is FAR FAR worse than annihilation. Far worse than any Cessation of life regardless how horribly it is accomplished. Gehenna is forever:
42 "But whoever causes one of these little ones who believe in Me to stumble, it would be better for him if a millstone were hung around his neck, and he were thrown into the sea.
43 "If your hand causes you to sin, cut it off. It is better for you to enter into life maimed, rather than having two hands, to go to hell, into the fire that shall never be quenched--
44 "where`Their worm does not die, And the fire is not quenched.'
45 "And if your foot causes you to sin, cut it off. It is better for you to enter life lame, rather than having two feet, to be cast into hell, into the fire that shall never be quenched--
46 "where`Their worm does not die, And the fire is not quenched.'
47 "And if your eye causes you to sin, pluck it out. It is better for you to enter the kingdom of God with one eye, rather than having two eyes, to be cast into hell fire--
48 "where `Their worm does not die, And the fire is not quenched.' (Mk. 9:42-48 NKJ)
Unlike the horrible death by millstone hung around the neck like a guillotine and then being tossed into the sea Gehenna, a temporary experience.....Gehenna is far worse.
The worms consuming these bodies never die, which means the bodies never die and the "life" or "person" or "soul" imprisoned within, also has not been killed.
Both are "ruined" as to what God intended, not only is the body not the Temple of God it was designed to be in loving communion with the soul within it, and the body communicating the joys and experiences of life to the soul within. Body and Soul are now destroyed, the abominable resurrection body communicates the Holy Wrath of an offended God, intense physical and spiritual pain to the person (life, soul) imprisoned within.
As I pointed out, Scripture does NOT teach "one size fits all". The penalty of Gehenna doesn't have the same effect on all tossed into it, just as fire consumes hay, but rocks can persist forever.
Scripture does teach many who die unsaved do not merit anything more than annihilation. The symbolism of the Lake of fire shows the wicked receive "their part" or "destiny" "according to their works" in the lake of fire. Some can be utterly destroyed as Death and Hades are, or suffer for a time and then be destroyed, "burnt up". But some can merit eternal torment like the False Prophet, Beast, and Satan do (Rev. 20:10).