How was circumcision not a required act of righteousness to be in covenant with God under the Old Testament? Can you explain your reasoning here?
It was not an act of righteousness that i
n and of itself secured salvation, just as baptism is not an act of righteousness that in and of itself secures salvation. But that is exactly how the Israelites understood the passage in Genesis. Paul argues the point in Romans to those of the day who, like some in this thread regarding baptism, insisted it was a legalistic act that must be completed for one to be saved:
"...he (Abraham) received circumcision as a sign, a seal of the righteousness that he (already) had by faith while he was still uncircumcised." (Romans 4: NIV parenthesis mine)
His point is, Abraham was
already accredited to God through his faith, his circumcision being the
sign of the righteousness he
already had by faith, apart from works. This is the foundation of Paul's entire ministry. Salvation is given in response to faith in God's promise, specifically the promise of a Son who inherits our blessing for us, not in response to doing something righteous, or having it done to you.
Paul even goes so far to say that circumcision is not even a required expression of saving faith (like 'love your neighbor as yourself' is, for example).
"25 Circumcision has value if you observe the law, but if you break the law, you have become as though you had not been circumcised. 26 So then, if those who are not circumcised keep the law’s requirements, will they not be regarded as though they were circumcised? 27 The one who is not circumcised physically and yet obeys the law will condemn you who, even though you have the written code and circumcision, are a lawbreaker." (Romans 2:25-37 NIV)
Here we see him saying that if you keep the requirements of the law (obviously talking about the moral law) but are not circumcised you will condemn the man who is circumcised, yet who does not keep the moral law. In other words, circumcision is not an expected and obligatory expression of saving faith that must be present in a believers life for his faith to be validated as real (as is true for 'love your neighbor as yourself'). I say this is true of baptism, too. I'm not talking about the stubborn willed person who just won't do it. I'm talking about baptism NOT being a legalistic check on a scorecard that must be checked off before one is saved.
We gotta wonder why a professing believer would not want to get baptized, but the reasons I've heard are because they don't want to be seen in runny makeup, or have boogers hanging out of their nose, or have clingy wet clothes pressed onto their bodies for all to see. Pretty innocent reasons for inquiring if you ask me. These have nothing to do with resisting God out of stubborn unbelief.