Since the 1990s, experimental psychologists have conducted experiments on the nature and limits of human multitasking. These experiments suggest that multitasking is not as efficient as work performed on a single task. In general, the subjects in these experiments exhibited severe interference when asked to perform even very simple tasks at the same time—if both tasks required selecting and executing an action (e.g., (
Gladstones, Regan & Lee 1989) (
Pashler 1994)). Many researchers believe that such action plans experience a type of bottleneck at some level, and that the human brain can only respond to one action request at a time.
[4] Psychiatrist
Edward M. Hallowell[5] has gone so far as to describe multitasking as a “mythical activity in which people believe they can perform two or more tasks simultaneously as effectively as one.” On the other hand, humans do have the ability to breathe and walk at the same time, an example of multitasking.
Others have researched multitasking in specific domains, such as learning. Mayer and Moreno
[6] studied the phenomenon of cognitive load in multimedia learning and concluded that it is difficult, and possibly impossible, to learn new information while engaging in multitasking. Junco and Cotten examined how multitasking affects academic success and found that students who engaged in high levels of multitasking reported significant issues with their academic work.
[7] A more recent study on the effects of multitasking on academic performance found that using Facebook and text messaging while studying were negatively related to student grades, while online searching and emailing were not.
[8]
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