Since the sixteenth century great differences have existed between Protestants and Catholics regarding the true nature of justification.
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In the process of justification we must distinguish two periods: first, the preparatory acts or dispositions (faith, fear, hope, etc.); then the last, decisive moment of the transformation of the sinner from the state of sin to that of justification or sanctifying grace, which may be called the active justification (
actus justificationis); with this the real process comes to an end, and the state of habitual holiness and sonship of
God begins. Touching both of these periods there has existed, and still exists, in part, a great conflict of opinion between Catholicism and
Protestantism. This conflict may be reduced to four differences of teaching. By a justifying faith the
Church understands qualitatively the theoretical faith in the truths of
Revelation, and demands over and above this faith other acts of preparation for justification.
Protestantism, on the other hand, reduces the process of justification to merely a fiduciary faith; and maintains that this faith, exclusive even of good works, is all-sufficient for justification, laying great stress upon the scriptural statement
sola fides justificat. The
Church teaches that justification consists of an actual obliteration of sin and an interior sanctification.
Protestantism, on the other hand, makes of the forgiveness of sin merely a concealment of it, so to speak; and of the sanctification a forensic declaration of justification, or an external imputation of the justice of Christ. In the presentation of the process of justification, we willeverywhere note this fourfold confessional conflict.
Grace, in general, is a supernatural gift of God to intellectual creatures (men, angels) for their eternal salvation. Read more here.
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