Tri Unity
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Osgiliath said:I cannot upload 25+ years of study, world travel, personal discussions with theologians, viewings of sacred documents, etc. into your head.
Hi Osgiliath,
Firstly, If you have read as widely as you say, I offer my respects and appreciation. I have read most of these authors (not all), but the ones I am familiar with I would suggest do teach eternal punishment. Do they also teach universalism? Some appear to; but you need to reconcile their teachings on eternal punishment with any other teachings. You might be confused about what is meant by "universalism". Following is a list of quotes from the earliest fathers who refute your contentions:
Epistle of Barnabas (70 AD)
“The way of darkness is crooked, and it is full of cursing. It is the way to eternal death with punishment.†(Chapter 20)
Letter to Diognetus (130 AD)
“You should fear what is truly death, which is reserved for those who shall be condemned to the eternal fire, which shall afflict those even to the end that are committed to it.†(Chapter 10)
The Martyrdom of Polycarp (135 AD)
“They despised all of the torments of this world, redeeming themselves from eternal punishment by [the suffering of] a single hour. For this reason the fire of their savage executioners appeared cool to them. For they kept before their view escape from that fire which is eternal and never shall be quenched.†(Chapter 2)
The Second Apology of Justin Martyr (160)
“The unjust and intemperate will be punished in eternal fire.†(Chapter 1)
“there shall be punishment in eternal fire inflicted upon those who do not live temperately and conformably to right reason.†(Chapter 2)
Apology of Athenagoras (175 AD)
“If they fall with the rest, they will endure a worse life, on in fireâ€
Theophilus of Antioch to Autolycus (180 AD)
“For the unbelievers and for the contemptuous, and for those who do not submit to the truth but assent to iniquity, when they have been involved in adulteries, and fornications, and homosexualities, and avarice, and in lawless idolatries, there will be wrath and indignation, tribulation and anguish; and in the end, such men as these will be detained in everlasting fire.†(Book 1, Chapter 14)
Irenaeus - Against Heresies (189 AD)
“The penalty increases for those who do not believe the Word of God and despise his coming. . . . It is not merely temporal, but eternal. To whomsoever the Lord shall say, ‘Depart from me, accursed ones, into the everlasting fire,’ they will be damned forever.†(Book, 4, Chapter 28:2)
Clement of Alexandria (195 AD)
“They are punished with the endless vengeance of quenchless fire.†(Fragments)
Apology of Tertullian (197 AD)
“all who are not true worshippers of God, in like manner shall be consigned to the punishment of everlasting fire--that fire which, from its very nature indeed, directly ministers to their incorruptibility†(Chapter 28:12)
Hippolytus – Against the Greeks (225 AD)
“The unquenchable and unending fire awaits these latter, and a certain fiery worm which does not die and which does not waste the body but continually bursts forth from the body with unceasing pain.†(Chapter 3)
Felix Minucius (226 AD)
“That clever fire burns the limbs and restores them, wears them away and yet sustains them, just as fiery thunderbolts strike bodies but do not consume them.â€(“Octavius†34:12–5:3)
Cyprian of Carthage (252 AD)
“to send the guilty to Gehenna, and to set on fire our persecutors with the perpetual burning of a penal fire, but to pay to us the reward of our faith and devotion!†("To Thibaris" 55:10)
Osgiliath, you can see from these quotes that the earliest fathers all unanimously stayed with biblical terms of eternal fire and eternal punishment. These fathers were scattered form Rome to Palestine to Carthage to Alexandria to France to Syria to Persia… There were no doctrines growing up in Rome that were different to Alexandria as you (and Schaff) maintain. I still believe, however, that these references in the bible are ultimately metaphors, but what is undeniable is that these fathers stayed with the biblical language. To paint the Fathers as Universalists is not accurate. These ideas are taken and distorted by Universalists to vouch for their doctrines. The term salvation only applied to those who have had their sins washed clean in the blood of the lamb.
Tri
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