If we review the Scripture I posted, it can be noted that it uses the term "brothers" along with others such as mother, apostles, multitudes, even mentioning some by name like Cephas. If brothers is referring to a general group such as brothers in Christ or some other overall generality, there would be no need to call out apostles, disciples, and so forth within the same sentence.
I did review your list of Scripture, and if I recall correctly each 'brother' has been called to be the son of another set of parents elsewhere in Scripture.
The Scriptures didn't have to define Mary and Joseph as the parents of Jesus' half brothers. It's implied just as when someone comments about one or more of my 6 brothers and sisters it isn't necessary to include clarification by saying sons and daughters of Severin and Jeanette.
You've made an assumption that they are 'half brother'. No other children are called out to be the sons or daughters of Joseph. Lineage was more important to first century Jews than the grande dame from Massachusetts lineage of ancestors who came over on the Mayflower.
When someone asks me a questions such as, "How are your brothers?" I know they are talking about one of my two brothers, Mike or John, and not about my brothers in Christ or brothers in arms or anything of that nature.
Excellent, It is good that we think of our families. However, the customs of Christ's day extended 'family' to multiple generations, living and dead. Consequently, "brother" was quite often expressed as 'son of', assuming it wasn't already embedded in the name of the individual.
I think the argument you make is a thin one but that is just my opinion I guess.
How about if I make it a little bit stronger?
adelphos does not define the relationship between individuals in antiquity clearly unless the relationship is defined, usually with the words 'son of'. An example of unambiguous brothers:
And going on from thence, he saw other two brethren, James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother, in a ship with Zebedee their father, mending their nets; and he called them. [Matthew 4:21]
Brothers appear twice in the verse and furthermore points to the paterfamilias, the father sits in a boat with the brothers mending nets. Clearly verse has two brothers James and John with the same blood related father. Likewise ‘brothers’, mothers or fathers are clearly illustrated in similar verses such as Matthew 10:21; Mark 6:17; Luke 20:28 and John 11:21
adelphos is used in yet another form to distinguish national ancestry, particularly among the men of Israel. Those whose linage was from Abraham were considered ‘brethren’:
Men and brethren, children of the stock of Abraham, and whosoever among you feareth God, to you is the word of this salvation sent. [Acts 13:26]
Here we see the relationship of men based on heritage. ‘Brethren’ are those who are of Abraham’s stock, one of the 12 tribes of Israel. But notice the distinction is ambiguous; one need only be a member of the 12 tribes to be “brothers.” Likewise see Matthew 5:47, after all, even today we refer to brothers as being from the same nation. You might recall the movie ‘Band of Brothers’ and the sense of pride and respect we have for our fathers of WWII who fought as a "band of American brothers".
adelphos is also used to describe our fellow man regardless of nationality. An example:
For both he that sanctifieth and they who are sanctified are all of one: for which cause he is not ashamed to call them brethren, [Hebrews 2:11]
Jesus suffered and died, said St. Paul, for all of mankind, not just the Jew, not just Jerusalem. Again there is an ambiguity of blood relationship except that all humans are related to Adam and Eve.
adelphos is used as an expression of affection. This is frequently expressed in the family of God, were no blood relationship exists. We see this brotherly love in Matthew 18:8, John 21:23 and Acts 6:3 and again in St. Paul’s work Romans 1:13:
Now I would not have you ignorant, brethren, that oftentimes I purposed to come unto you, (but was let hitherto,) that I might have some fruit among you also, even as among other Gentiles. Romans 1:13
Even today as indifferentism runs rampant we address people as ‘brother’.
adelphos is used in Sacred Scripture to express fellow officers, notice the use of brethren in Scripture also expresses those a hierarchy of office. Of particular note is St. Paul addressing the Colossians where St. Paul addresses the faithful as well as his fellow Bishop Timothy.
Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ, by the will of God, and Timothy, a brother, the saints and faithful brethren in Christ Jesus, who are at Colossa. [Colossians 1:1-2]
Here we see Timothy as a brother Bishop in the Kingdom of God, the Catholic Church and we see the family of God in the faithful “brethren in Christ Jesus”. Please don’t tell me that all the people in the Church of Colossa are blood siblings of Jesus Christ.
You might also see Colossians 2:13 and Ephesians 4:21 where we see the distinguishing mark of office in ‘brother’. And there is no blood relationship inferred by the text.
adelphos is used for a brethren in Christ.
And the King shall answer and say unto them, Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me. [Matthew 25:40]
These brethren in Christ are members of His Kingdom, His Church as the first fruit, the ministers of the Lord. They were called brothers because they too became adopted sons of God. Fear not, Christ said, tell my brothers to go to Galilee. Was Christ wasn’t referring only to James His supposed brother, but all those who walked with Him, then and all those who walk with Him now. Also, see also Hebrew 2:11 sqq. Matthew 28:10; John 20:17 Romans 8:29
So we see that when St. Paul refers to James the Lord’s brother, Paul is acknowledging James is an Apostle, as He is. He is acknowledging there is a hierarchy being established within the Church where certain leading members are organizing into the core Magisterium. Consequently, By His Mercy has correctly identified which
adelphos was being used in the text.
1) James, son of Zebedee (Matthew 4:21, Matthew 10:2, Mark 1:19-20, Mark 3:17, etc.)
2) James, son of Alpheus (Matthew 10:3, Mark 3:18, etc.)
In fact we can name all the
adelphos in Scripture such that none is left as the blood related sibling of Christ.
As an aside, it has been suggested that the Greek συγγενής (syggenēs), meaning in, or clansmen as well as countryman, would have been used if the blood relationship between “brothers” was something less than that of blood related siblings. However, it seems that the overwhelming number of the uses of “brother” meaning something other than a blood related sibling makes the argument weak if not void all together. As an example, Christ lists the various relationships distinguishing brethren from clansmen:
“Then said he also to him that bade him, When thou makest a dinner or a supper, call not thy friends, nor thy brethren, neither thy kinsmen, nor thy rich neighbours; lest they also bid thee again, and a recompense be made thee” [Luke 14:12]
Even more important the reason that
adelphos is frequently used by Christ because of His two greatest commandments, the first commandment defines the second.
“Master,” Christ is asked,
“which is the greatest commandment in the law? Jesus said to him: Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with thy whole heart, and with thy whole soul, and with thy whole mind. This is the greatest and the first commandment. And the second is like to this: Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. On these two commandments dependeth the whole law and the prophets.” [Matthew 22:36 - 40] Without exception Christ is calling all to be His brother as adopted sons of God. We are to treat all men in the same loving way as we Love God and ourselves.
In these examples I believe I named all the 26 or so called 'brothers' of Christ. Maybe I missed one or two but we can catch them up later. If we consider them to be true blood related siblings of Christ, then with that many children we should honor the Holy Mother as an UBER MOM as well as the Mother of God, wouldn't you think?
You seem be a man of constant sorrows identifying brothers where none exist, dare we ask,
O' Brother, Where Art Thou?
JosephT