1 Peter 4:6 For this is the reason the gospel was preached even to those who are now dead, so that they might be judged according to men in regard to the body, but live according to God in regard to the spirit.
This text presents a number of difficulties that have given rise to different interpretations. Let us begin with the first word.
a. “For.” Some interpreters link this word to the immediately preceding sentence (v. 5).16 However, the conjunction
for, together with the following words
this is the reason, explains not the clause that Christ will judge the living and the dead. Rather, in view of the broader context, the conjunction relates to Christ’s judgment on the adversaries and his justification of the believers.17 To be exact, the word
for points forward to the “so that” clause in the last half of verse 6, where Peter mentions judgment and life.
b. “The gospel was preached.” By means of the impersonal verb in the Greek (“it was preached”), Peter specifies that he is not interested in the content of the proclamation or even in the persons who preach the gospel. He is interested only in the fact that preaching occurred. Observe that Peter writes the past tense of the verb
to preach to show that he is speaking of an event that happened in the past. The choice of the past tense is significant because of the next phrase.
c. “Even to those who are now dead.” What do these words mean? In the course of time, scholars have provided at least four interpretations for this part of the verse.18
First, the word
dead refers to Christ’s descent into hell to preach the gospel to all the dead who either had never heard or had rejected the Good News while they were living. However, in the parable of the rich man and Lazarus Jesus teaches that an unbridgeable chasm has been fixed between heaven and hell (Luke 16:26; also see Heb. 9:27). Scripture nowhere teaches that Christ makes salvation available to a sinner after death. Biblical teaching, therefore, contradicts this interpretation.
Next, the dead are the believers of the Old Testament era, who, because they did not live during New Testament times, had to wait for Christ to proclaim the gospel to them. Proponents of this view see similarities between 3:19 and 4:6. We demur. The word choice in both verses differs considerably, even more in the Greek than in translation. For example, Christ “made his proclamation to the imprisoned spirits” (3:19, NEB), and “the gospel was preached even to those who are now dead” (4:6). Moreover, Scripture indicates that the souls of the Old Testament believers are in heaven (see, e.g., Heb. 11:5, 16, 40; 12:23).
Third, about a.d. 200, Clement of Alexandria suggested that the text refers to the preaching of the gospel to those who are spiritually dead (compare Eph. 2:1; Col. 2:13). This interpretation has given Clement many followers, among whom are Augustine in the early church and Martin Luther during the Reformation. The objection to this exposition comes from the preceding context (v. 5). If Clement’s explanation is right, the interpreter would have to prove that Peter uses the word
dead in two different senses (i.e., to refer to physical and spiritual states) in verses 5 and 6. Peter, however, gives no indication that he intends a shift in meaning. Also, the tense of the verb
preach is in the past (“was preached”), not in the present. For this explanation, in fact, the interpreter needs the present tense to indicate the continual preaching of the gospel to those who are spiritually dead. The wording of the text, however, gives no support to this interpretation.
Last, contemporary interpreters say that the dead are those Christians who heard and believed the gospel during their lifetime, but afterward died. The translators of the New International Version have inserted the temporal adverb
now to help the reader to understand the words
to those who are now dead. In this interpretation, the expression
dead, referring to persons who have died physically, has the same meaning in both verses 5 and 6. Although the objection can be raised that Peter should have used a word like “those who have fallen asleep” (1 Thess. 4:14), we observe that a writer has the freedom to choose his own vocabulary. Of the four interpretations, the last one is the least objectionable and answers most objections. Understandably, numerous commentators have adopted this last and current explanation of the text.19
d. “So that they might be judged.” Peter gives the reader a perfectly balanced sentence of (Semitic) parallelism:
so that | but
|
they might be judged | live
|
according to men | according to God
|
in regard to | in regard to
|
the body | the spirit
|
Let us begin with the words
so that. This expression introduces a parallel construction that has led commentators to favor one of two interpretations.
First, the wording
so that reveals that the persons who are to be judged had the gospel preached to them when they were living on earth. The believers knew that although they had accepted the gospel of salvation in faith, they had to face death. From the Scriptures they learned that God had pronounced judgment upon all sinners. But as believers they also knew that they were set free from sin and would inherit eternal life. This includes all those who died in faith, and is a theologically sound interpretation.
Second, in light of the context, we do well to consider the unjust suffering Christians had to endure in the middle of the first century. Christians suffered at the hands of their adversaries; they were slandered and persecuted.
Now mark the difference in the tenses of the verbs Peter uses. He says that believers “might be judged,” which is a one-time act, but may “live,” which denotes time that lasts eternally. Moreover, Peter adds a contrast by specifying that those who are dead are judged “according to men.”20 What does he mean? The phrase refers to those Christian martyrs who endured intense suffering at the hand of their adversaries. In the sight of their opponents, the believers received their just judgment by suffering physically.
Peter speaks words of encouragement to the readers of his epistle and tells them that they must view life through God’s eyes. Peter contrasts the phrase
according to men with the phrase
according to God. The adversaries of Christian martyrs were of the opinion that by punishing the believers, perhaps even to the point of death, they were defeating the Christians. But they did not know that in God’s sight believers continue to live in the spirit. Fellow believers observing the injustice which these martyrs experienced, however, ought not to be discouraged. In the sight of God, believers continue to live in the spirit, because “the spirit returns to God who gave it” (Eccles. 12:7) and therefore is immortal.
The Christian knows that on the basis of his faith in Christ “[he] will not be condemned; he has crossed over from death to life” (John 5:24). In a book dating from the intertestamental period, a striking parallel occurs. It describes the lot of righteous men who suffer at the hands of the ungodly:
For though in the sight of men they were punished,
their hope is full of immortality.
Having been disciplined a little,
they will receive great good,
because God tested them and found them
worthy of himself. [Wis. 3:4–5, RSV]
In conclusion, the second interpretation of verse 6b has merit because it fits the general context of this epistle in which Peter at length discusses suffering for the sake of Christ.
Greek Words, Phrases, and Constructions in 4:6
ἵνα κριθῶσι—the particle introduces first the aorist passive subjunctive of κρίνω (I judge) and then the present active subjunctive of ζάω (I live). The contrast is particularly vivid because of the use of μέν … δέ. C. F. D. Moule paraphrases the sentence in these words: “That they might be judged in the eyes of men [as men reckon judgment] physically, but might live as God lives spiritually.”21
F. Practical Principles[1]
14 Eschatological references occur in 1:7; 2:12; 4:5, 13, 17; 5:4, 10.
15 See also Luke 16:2; Acts 19:40; Rom. 14:12; Heb. 13:17.
16 Consult, e.g., Charles Bigg,
A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistles of St. Peter and St. Jude., International Critical Commentary series (1901; Edinburgh: Clark, 1961), p. 170.
17 Consult William Joseph Dalton,
Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits: A Study of 1 Peter 3:18–4:6, Analecta Biblica 23 (Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1964), p. 266.
18 See Dalton,
Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits, pp. 42–54, for details.
NEB New English Bible
19 For instance, R. C. H. Lenski,
The Interpretation of the Epistles of St. Peter, St. John, and St. Jude (Columbus: Wartburg, 1945), p. 186; Selwyn,
The First Epistle of St. Peter, p. 214; Dalton,
Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits, p. 267; Edmond Hiebert, D.
First Peter: An Expositional Commentary. (Chicago: Moody, 1984), pp. 250–51.
20 Selwyn suggests the paraphrase
in men’s estimation.
The First Epistle of St. Peter, p. 215.
RSV Revised Standard Version
21 Moule,
Idiom-Book, p. 59.
[1] Simon J. Kistemaker and William Hendriksen,
Exposition of the Epistles of Peter and the Epistle of Jude, vol. 16, New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1953–2001), 162–166.