John.... It's been a long day and I have so much I should be doing... I might not get to all your points and such and forgive me if I don't. But, as I'm sitting here having a glass of iced tea and looking over this thread I'll try to address some things...
This is part of the problem... that there is a "proper day". Paul's custom was to preach in the synagogues on the Sabbath to be sure...
...but let's not forget that it was this same Paul who said,"Therefore no one is to act as your judge in regard to food or drink or in respect to a festival or a new moon or a Sabbath day—things which are a mere shadow of what is to come; but the substance belongs to Christ." Colossians 2:16-17
and...
"One person regards one day above another, another regards every day alike. Each person must be fully convinced in his own mind. He who observes the day, observes it for the Lord, and he who eats, does so for the Lord, for he gives thanks to God; and he who eats not, for the Lord he does not eat, and gives thanks to God." Romans 14:5-6
Obviously, Paul does not push the idea that there is a "proper day" to worship. There was for the Jews... and since Paul was a Jew and also trying to reach the Jews with the gospel, I can understand his custom of going to the synagogues and preaching the gospel and showing from the Scriptures how Christ fulfilled the Law and the Prophets.
However, for the Gentile converts who had no such custom, there is nothing at all to indicate that Paul or anyone else taught that they had to keep the Sabbath. It was certainly not part of the letter written to the Gentiles for the expressed purpose of telling them what parts of the Law of Moses that the Gentiles had to keep.
Let's read the letter in it's entirety:
“ The apostles and the brethren who are elders, to the brethren in Antioch and Syria and Cilicia who are from the Gentiles, greetings.
“Since we have heard that some of our number to whom we gave no instruction have disturbed you with their words, unsettling your souls, it seemed good to us, having become of one mind, to select men to send to you with our beloved Barnabas and Paul, men who have risked their lives for the name of our Lord Jesus Christ.
“Therefore we have sent Judas and Silas, who themselves will also report the same things by word of mouth.
“For it seemed good to the Holy Spirit and to us to lay upon you no greater burden than these essentials: that you abstain from things sacrificed to idols and from blood and from things strangled and from fornication; if you keep yourselves free from such things, you will do well. Farewell.†Acts 15:23-29
I'm sorry guys... this question was already settled 2000 years ago and it was written down in the Scriptures precisely so that there would be no confusion about it. The Pharisees back then kicked up a fuss (as some Pharisees seem to be doing today as well....) wanting the Gentiles to be circumcised and to keep the Law of Moses.... but the council then made it perfectly clear:
Abstain from things sacrificed to idols.
Abstain from blood and from things strangled.
Abstain from fornication.
That's it. No "...oh yes, be sure to keep the Sabbath."
It's also important to keep in mind that the Sabbath Laws had nothing to do with worshiping God. It had to do with not doing any work. That's what "keeping the Sabbath" was... not taking part in work and resting on that day. The Jews custom was to worship God on the Sabbath day... but nowhere in Scripture is there ever a commandment to hold worship services on the Sabbath day. That is simply a Jewish tradition... just as holding worship services on Sunday is a Christian one.
I am glad you brought up Romans 14 Handy, a thread like this brings up so many points that some just don't get addressed in a timely fashion. Anyhoo, Rom 14 from my perspective...
Typically verse 6 is quoted and usually only the first half. Regarding the day and not regarding the day.
Rom 14:6 He that regardeth the day, regardeth it unto the Lord; and he that regardeth not the day, to the Lord he doth not regard it. He that eateth, eateth to the Lord, for he giveth God thanks; and he that eateth not, to the Lord he eateth not, and giveth God thanks.
Now I know that you are aware that these "books" of the NT were originally letters. There were no chapters and verses, they were added somewhere in the 1100's AD. So Rom 14 needs to be investigated with context.
What is the context and subject matter of Rom 14?
Rom 14:1 Him that is weak in the faith receive ye, but not to doubtful disputations.
Rom 14:2 For one believeth that he may eat all things: another, who is weak, eateth herbs.
Rom 14:3 Let not him that eateth despise him that eateth not; and let not him which eateth not judge him that eateth: for God hath received him.
Rom 14:4 Who art thou that judgest another man's servant? to his own master he standeth or falleth. Yea, he shall be holden up: for God is able to make him stand.
Verses 1 and 4 give the overall subject matter, judging someone else for their practices. But what practices were being judged?
Rom 14:2 For one believeth that he may eat all things: another, who is weak, eateth herbs.
Rom 14:3 Let not him that eateth despise him that eateth not; and let not him which eateth not judge him that eateth: for God hath received him.
This shows that vegetarianism was being discussed in verse 2 but what is verse three saying? We have to read on...
Rom 14:5 One man esteemeth one day above another: another esteemeth every day alike. Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind.
Rom 14:6 He that regardeth the day, regardeth it unto the Lord; and he that regardeth not the day, to the Lord he doth not regard it. He that eateth, eateth to the Lord, for he giveth God thanks; and he that eateth not, to the Lord he eateth not, and giveth God thanks.
The second subject here in verse 6 is fasting. Paul referred to vegetarianism in the earlier verses and here discusses eating or not eating at all. The whole subject of Rom 14 is what you put in your mouth and how it affects others around you.
Paul sums up the whole of the thought here...
Rom 14:15 But if thy brother be grieved with thy meat, now walkest thou not charitably. Destroy not him with thy meat, for whom Christ died.
Rom 14:16 Let not then your good be evil spoken of:
Rom 14:17 For the kingdom of God is not meat and drink; but righteousness, and peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost.
Rom 14:18 For he that in these things serveth Christ is acceptable to God, and approved of men.
Rom 14:19 Let us therefore follow after the things which make for peace, and things wherewith one may edify another.
Rom 14:20 For meat destroy not the work of God. All things indeed are pure; but it is evil for that man who eateth with offence.
Rom 14:21 It is good neither to eat flesh, nor to drink wine, nor any thing whereby thy brother stumbleth, or is offended, or is made weak.
Rom 14:22 Hast thou faith? have it to thyself before God. Happy is he that condemneth not himself in that thing which he alloweth.
Rom 14:23 And he that doubteth is damned if he eat, because he eateth not of faith: for whatsoever is not of faith is sin.
The subject matter is not what day you observe, but rather offending a brother by what you eat, don't eat, or when you eat or don't eat. Remember that this is a letter, there was no 'end of chapter' in the original.
Rom 15:1 We then that are strong ought to bear the infirmities of the weak, and not to please ourselves.
Rom 15:2 Let every one of us please his neighbour for his good to edification.